### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **sōphrosýnē**, represented by `{{G4997}}`, is derived from σώφρων. It conveys a **soundness of mind**, which can be understood literally as **sanity** or figuratively as **self-control**, leading to its translation as **soberness** or **sobriety**. It appears **3 times** across **3 unique verses** in the Bible.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the New Testament, `{{G4997}}` is used to describe both a virtue of Christian character and the state of a rational mind. In his letter to Timothy, Paul instructs that women should adorn themselves with **sobriety**, linking it to modest apparel and shamefacedness as an outward expression of an orderly inner life [[1 Timothy 2:9]]. He further connects **sobriety** with faith, charity, and holiness as essential qualities for godly living [[1 Timothy 2:15]]. In a different context, when defending himself before Festus, Paul contrasts the accusation of madness with his own words of "truth and **soberness**," presenting it as evidence of a sound and rational mind [[Acts 26:25]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words clarify the meaning of `{{G4997}}`:
* `{{G127}}` **aidṓs** (bashfulness, i.e. (towards men), modesty or (towards God) awe:--reverence, shamefacedness.): This term is used directly alongside `{{G4997}}` to describe the appropriate character for a woman's adornment [[1 Timothy 2:9]].
* `{{G2887}}` **kósmios** (orderly, i.e. decorous:--of good behaviour, modest.): This describes the "modest apparel" that is to be accompanied by sobriety, emphasizing an external orderliness that reflects an inner state [[1 Timothy 2:9]].
* `{{G38}}` **hagiasmós** (properly, purification, i.e. (the state) purity; concretely (by Hebraism) a purifier:--holiness, sanctification.): This quality is to be pursued "with sobriety," positioning self-control as a key component of a holy and sanctified life [[1 Timothy 2:15]].
* `{{G225}}` **alḗtheia** (from ἀληθής; truth:--true, X truly, truth, verity.): Paul presents his words of **soberness** as being words of **truth**, directly opposing the charge of insanity and linking a sound mind to factual reality [[Acts 26:25]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G4997}}` is seen in its application to a believer's mind and conduct.
* **Soundness of Mind:** The term establishes a clear connection between a rational mind and divine truth. In Acts, Paul's **soberness** is the basis for his clear-headed testimony, contrasting with the world's perception of him as mad [[Acts 26:25]].
* **Internal Character and External Conduct:** In 1 Timothy, `{{G4997}}` is not merely an internal feeling but a virtue that governs external appearance and behavior. It is the self-control that leads to modesty and appropriate adornment [[1 Timothy 2:9]].
* **A Fruit of Holiness:** Sobriety is presented as an essential element of a life of faith, charity, and holiness. It is a necessary component for those who are to continue in these virtues [[1 Timothy 2:15]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G4997}}` defines a crucial Christian virtue that extends beyond a simple definition of abstinence. It signifies a **soundness of mind**, **self-control**, and a moral clarity that aligns with divine truth. Whether in Paul's defense before a ruler or in his instructions for church conduct, **sōphrosýnē** is presented as the mark of a disciplined believer whose internal state of sanity and self-restraint is reflected in their outward actions and testimony.
TRV