apparently from (a kind of stone); to petrify, i.e. (figuratively) to indurate (render stupid or callous):-- blind, harden.
Transliteration:pōróō
Pronunciation:po-ro'-o
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb *pōróō* (G4456) derives from *pōros*, a type of hard, calcified stone, often associated with calluses or tumors. This etymological root informs its primary literal meaning: "to petrify," "to turn into stone," or "to make hard like stone." Figuratively, which is its predominant usage in the New Testament, *pōróō* signifies "to indurate," "to make hard," "to render insensible," "dull," "stupid," or "callous." When applied to the mind or heart, it denotes a loss of spiritual perception, responsiveness, or sensitivity to divine truth. The English translations "blind" and "harden" capture this figurative sense, where "blindness" is a consequence of a hardened understanding, making one unable to "see" or comprehend spiritual realities.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
*Pōróō* appears in several significant New Testament passages, primarily in the Gospels and Pauline Epistles:
* **[[Mark 6:52]]**: "For they had not understood about the loaves, but their heart was hardened (*pepōrōmenē*)." Here, the disciples' failure to grasp the significance of Jesus' miracle of feeding the five thousand is attributed to a hardened heart, indicating a spiritual dullness or lack of insight despite witnessing divine power.
* **[[Mark 8:17]]**: Following the feeding of the four thousand, Jesus directly questions His disciples, "Do you not yet perceive or understand? Is your heart hardened (*pepōrōmenēn*)?" This reiterates the theme of spiritual insensitivity, emphasizing their slowness to comprehend Jesus' identity and mission.
* **[[John 12:40]]**: "He has blinded their eyes and hardened (*epōrōsen*) their heart, lest they should see with their eyes and understand with their heart and turn, and I would heal them." This verse, a quotation from [[Isaiah 6:10]], is applied to those who reject Jesus. It presents God as the agent of hardening, a judicial act in response to persistent unbelief, leading to spiritual blindness and an inability to repent.
* **[[Romans 11:7]]**: "What then? Israel failed to obtain what it was seeking. The elect obtained it, but the rest were hardened (*epōrōthēsan*)." Paul discusses the partial hardening of Israel, which, paradoxically, facilitates the inclusion of Gentiles into God's plan. This hardening is presented as a temporary, judicial condition for a segment of Israel, not a permanent state for all.
* **[[2 Corinthians 3:14]]**: "But their minds were hardened (*epōrōthē*). For to this day, when they read the old covenant, that same veil remains unlifted, because only through Christ is it taken away." Paul describes the spiritual hardening of the Jewish people, preventing them from understanding the true meaning of the Law and seeing Christ as its fulfillment. The "veil" is directly linked to this hardened mind, hindering spiritual perception.
* **[[Ephesians 4:18]]**: "They are darkened in their understanding, alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them, due to their hardness (*pōrōsin*) of heart." Here, the noun form *pōrōsis* (G4456's root) describes the spiritual state of Gentiles living in ignorance and alienation, stemming from a hardened heart that is impervious to divine truth.
### Related Words & Concepts
The concept of "hardening" is significant throughout Scripture and is expressed through various terms:
* **`{{H3513}}` (כָּבֵד - *kaved*):** In the Old Testament, particularly in the Exodus narrative, this Hebrew word (meaning "heavy" or "weighty") is often used to describe the hardening of Pharaoh's heart (e.g., [[Exodus 7:14]]). This foreshadows the New Testament concept of spiritual insensitivity.
* **`{{G4640}}` (σκληρύνω - *sklērynō*):** This is another prominent Greek word for "to harden," frequently used in the New Testament (e.g., [[Hebrews 3:8]], [[Hebrews 3:15]], [[Hebrews 4:7]], referencing [[Psalm 95:8]]). While both *pōróō* and *sklērynō* denote hardening, *pōróō* often emphasizes a dulling or calcification of perception, making one impervious to truth, whereas *sklērynō* can imply a more active resistance or stubbornness.
* **`{{G5186}}` (τυφλόω - *typhloō*):** "To blind." As seen in [[John 12:40]], the hardening of the heart often leads directly to spiritual blindness, an inability to perceive spiritual realities and God's truth.
* **Unbelief (ἀπιστία - *apistia* `{{G570}}`):** Hardening is frequently presented as a consequence or manifestation of persistent unbelief and rejection of God's revelation.
* **Callousness:** The figurative meaning of *pōróō* perfectly captures spiritual callousness – a state of being emotionally or spiritually numb, lacking responsiveness to divine prompts, conviction, or the needs of others.
### Theological Significance
The concept of *pōróō* carries profound theological implications:
* **Divine Judgment and Human Responsibility:** The hardening described by *pōróō*, particularly in passages like [[John 12:40]] and [[Romans 11:7]], raises complex questions regarding divine sovereignty and human free will. While God is depicted as hardening hearts, it is consistently presented as a judicial act, a consequence of prior and persistent human rejection of truth and rebellion against God. It is not an arbitrary act but a divine response to entrenched unbelief.
* **Spiritual Insensitivity and Dullness:** *Pōróō* highlights the grave danger of spiritual dullness. It describes a condition where the mind and heart become impervious to God's revelation, leading to an inability to understand, perceive, or respond to the Gospel. This state can be a gradual process, resulting from neglect, indifference, or deliberate resistance to divine truth.
* **The Veil of Unbelief:** As articulated in [[2 Corinthians 3:14]], hardening creates a "veil" that obstructs clear spiritual vision, particularly concerning the true meaning of the Old Covenant and the person of Christ. This veil prevents spiritual understanding and can only be lifted through a turning to Christ.
* **Impediment to Salvation:** A hardened heart is a significant barrier to repentance and salvation. It signifies a state of being closed off to God's grace and truth, leading to spiritual alienation and separation from the life of God ([[Ephesians 4:18]]).
* **Need for Divine Illumination and a New Heart:** The pervasive nature of *pōróō* underscores humanity's inherent need for divine intervention to soften the heart and open the eyes of understanding. The New Covenant promise of God giving a "new heart" and a "new spirit" ([[Ezekiel 36:26]]) directly contrasts with this state of spiritual petrification, emphasizing that true spiritual responsiveness is a gift of God's grace.
### Summary
The Greek word *pōróō* (G4456) fundamentally means "to petrify" or "to turn into stone." In its biblical usage, it primarily functions figuratively to describe the hardening of the mind, heart, or understanding, rendering it dull, insensible, or callous. This spiritual induration results in an inability to perceive or comprehend divine truth, often leading to spiritual blindness. Occurrences in [[Mark 6:52]], [[Mark 8:17]], [[John 12:40]], [[Romans 11:7]], [[2 Corinthians 3:14]], and [[Ephesians 4:18]] illustrate this concept, depicting the disciples' spiritual dullness, Israel's partial hardening, and the general state of unbelief. Theologically, *pōróō* illuminates both the judicial aspect of divine hardening in response to persistent human unbelief and the profound danger of spiritual insensitivity that prevents individuals from understanding and responding to God's revelation. It underscores humanity's need for a divinely softened heart and spiritual illumination for genuine perception and salvation.
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