from πρό and πάσχω; to undergo hardship previously:--suffer before.
Transliteration:propáschō
Pronunciation:prop-as'-kho
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb G4310 προπάσχω (propáschō) is a compound word formed from the preposition πρό (pro), meaning "before" or "prior to," and the verb πάσχω (paschō) `{{G3958}}`, which signifies "to suffer," "to experience," or "to undergo." Therefore, the core meaning of προπάσχω is "to suffer beforehand," "to undergo hardship previously," or "to experience difficulty in advance of something else." The prefix πρό critically emphasizes the temporal precedence of the suffering, indicating that the hardship occurs prior to a subsequent event or state. Its semantic range is narrow, precisely denoting a past or present suffering that precedes a future reality.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term G4310 προπάσχω appears only once in the New Testament, in the Epistle of 1 Peter. This singular occurrence, however, is profoundly significant for understanding the apostle's perspective on suffering.
* **[[1 Peter 5:10]]**: "And the God of all grace, who called you to his eternal glory in Christ, after you have *suffered a little while* (ὀλίγον προπασχόντας), will himself restore you and make you strong, firm and steadfast."
In this verse, Peter is addressing believers who are undergoing various forms of trials and persecutions (cf. [[1 Peter 1:6]], [[1 Peter 4:12]]). The phrase "suffered a little while" (ὀλίγον προπασχόντας) places their present or recent experiences of hardship into an eschatological framework. The suffering is explicitly qualified as "a little while," emphasizing its temporary and finite nature when contrasted with the "eternal glory in Christ" to which God has called them. The use of προπάσχω highlights that this suffering is a prerequisite or a preparatory stage *before* the divine restoration, strengthening, and establishment that God promises. It is not an arbitrary or meaningless affliction but an experience that precedes and perhaps even prepares one for the ultimate blessed state. The context is one of encouragement and hope, assuring believers that their present difficulties are part of God's overarching gracious plan, leading to a glorious future.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary root of G4310 προπάσχω is πάσχω (paschō) `{{G3958}}`, which is a common and versatile verb in the New Testament, frequently used to describe suffering, especially that of Christ (e.g., [[Matthew 16:21]], [[Acts 3:18]]) and His followers (e.g., [[Acts 9:16]], [[Philippians 1:29]]). The prefix πρό (pro) `{{G4253}}` is also widely used to denote prior time or action.
Other related Greek terms that describe various aspects of suffering include:
* θλῖψις (thlipsis) `{{G2347}}`: tribulation, affliction, distress (e.g., [[Romans 5:3]])
* διωγμός (diogmos) `{{G1375}}`: persecution (e.g., [[2 Timothy 3:11]])
* ταλαιπωρία (talaiporia) `{{G5004}}`: misery, distress (e.g., [[Romans 7:24]])
* δοκιμάζω (dokimazō) `{{G1381}}`: to test, to prove (often in the context of trials, e.g., [[James 1:3]])
Conceptually, προπάσχω connects to themes of:
* **Endurance**: The need for believers to persevere through trials.
* **Eschatology**: The ultimate hope and future glory that awaits believers.
* **Divine Sovereignty**: God's control and purpose even in suffering.
* **Refinement**: The idea that suffering can purify and strengthen faith.
### Theological Significance
Despite its singular occurrence, G4310 προπάσχω carries profound theological weight, particularly within the Petrine corpus and broader New Testament theology of suffering.
1. **Temporal Framing of Suffering**: The most significant contribution of προπάσχω is its precise temporal framing of suffering. It asserts that present hardship is not the final reality but a temporary phase that *precedes* eternal glory. This perspective transforms suffering from a meaningless ordeal into a purposeful, albeit difficult, part of God's salvific plan. It offers a powerful antidote to despair by placing current pain within the context of a guaranteed future blessedness.
2. **God's Gracious Purpose**: The verse attributes this calling to "the God of all grace." This emphasizes that even the suffering is not outside of God's gracious will but is somehow integrated into His plan to bring believers to "eternal glory in Christ." It suggests that God's grace is comprehensive, extending even to the difficult experiences of life, using them for ultimate good and spiritual formation.
3. **Contrast Between "Little While" and "Eternal Glory"**: The juxtaposition of "a little while" (ὀλίγον) with "eternal glory" highlights the brevity of earthly suffering compared to the infinitude of heavenly reward. This contrast serves as a powerful encouragement for believers facing persecution, reminding them that their present afflictions are momentary and light in comparison to the weight of glory that awaits them (cf. [[2 Corinthians 4:17]]).
4. **Divine Restoration and Establishment**: The promise that God "will himself restore you and make you strong, firm and steadfast" directly follows the mention of "suffering beforehand." This signifies that the suffering is not destructive but ultimately leads to divine strengthening and stability. It implies a process of refinement and preparation, where the trials endured build character and solidify faith, leading to a more robust and unwavering spiritual state.
### Summary
The Greek verb G4310 προπάσχω (propáschō) means "to suffer beforehand" or "to undergo hardship previously." Its sole New Testament occurrence in [[1 Peter 5:10]] is highly significant, framing the present or recent suffering of believers as a temporary, purposeful experience that precedes their reception of eternal glory in Christ. This word underscores the temporal nature of earthly trials ("a little while") in stark contrast to the everlasting nature of God's promised glory. Theologically, προπάσχω teaches that suffering is not an arbitrary event but is integrated into God's gracious plan, serving as a preparatory stage that ultimately leads to divine restoration, strengthening, and establishment for those who endure. It offers profound comfort and an eschatological perspective, reminding believers that their present afflictions are finite and serve a greater, glorious purpose.
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