probably neuter of a presumed derivative of προβαίνω; something that walks forward (a quadruped), i.e. (specially), a sheep (literally or figuratively):--sheep(-fold).
### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **próbaton**, represented by `{{G4263}}`, primarily means **sheep**. Its definition suggests "something that walks forward," typically a quadruped. It appears **41 times** across **37 unique verses** in the Bible. While it can refer to the literal animal, it is most often used figuratively to represent people, particularly the followers of God.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{G4263}}` is used in several key figurative contexts. It symbolizes the people of God who are in need of a leader, as when the multitudes were seen as "**sheep** having no shepherd" [[Matthew 9:36]]. Jesus specifically refers to his followers as his **sheep**, who know him and respond to his voice [[John 10:27]]. The term is also used to identify the specific mission to "the lost **sheep** of the house of Israel" [[Matthew 15:24]]. Furthermore, it can represent vulnerability and sacrificial identity, where believers are accounted as "**sheep** for the slaughter" [[Romans 8:36]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words expand upon the pastoral imagery associated with `{{G4263}}`:
* `{{G4166}}` **poimḗn** (a shepherd): As the direct counterpart to the sheep, the shepherd is the one who guides and protects the flock. Jesus identifies himself as "the good **shepherd**" who gives his life for the sheep [[John 10:11]].
* `{{G3074}}` **lýkos** (a wolf): This word symbolizes the primary threat to the sheep. Jesus warns his disciples of false prophets who are inwardly ravening **wolves** [[Matthew 7:15]] and sends his followers out as sheep into their midst [[Matthew 10:16]].
* `{{G4105}}` **planáō** (to go astray): This verb describes the tendency of sheep to wander from the path. Peter reminds believers that they "were as **sheep** going astray" before they returned to the Shepherd of their souls [[1 Peter 2:25]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G4263}}` is profound, defining the relationship between Christ and his followers.
* **Dependence and Guidance:** The metaphor of **sheep** highlights humanity's complete dependence on a divine shepherd for guidance, protection, and provision. Without one, they are scattered and helpless [[Matthew 9:36]]. Their security lies in their ability to hear the shepherd's voice and **follow** `{{G190}}` him [[John 10:4]].
* **Christ as the Shepherd:** The identity of believers as **sheep** is intrinsically linked to the identity of Christ as the "great **shepherd**" [[Hebrews 13:20]]. He is not a **hireling** `{{G3411}}` who abandons the flock, but the one who lays down his life for them ([[John 10:11]], [[John 10:15]]). He is also the **door** `{{G2374}}` of the sheep, providing the sole legitimate entry to the fold [[John 10:7]].
* **Unity of the Flock:** The term is crucial for understanding the unity of all believers. Jesus speaks of "other **sheep**" that he must bring, so that there will be one **flock** `{{G4167}}` and one shepherd, signifying a universal church [[John 10:16]]. This flock is to be distinguished from the **goats** `{{G2056}}` in the final judgment [[Matthew 25:32]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G4263}}` is far more than a simple term for an animal. It is a foundational metaphor in the New Testament that illustrates the nature of believers and their relationship with Christ. It portrays a people who are vulnerable, dependent, and in need of a guide, yet are intimately known, protected, and ultimately saved by their selfless Shepherd. The word **próbaton** thus encapsulates the essence of discipleship: hearing the Shepherd's voice and following him.
TRV