### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **pentherós**, represented by `{{G3995}}`, is a term of uncertain affinity that specifically means **a wife's father**, or **father in law**. This word is exceptionally rare in the biblical text, appearing only **1 time** in **1 unique verse**. Its singular use provides a crucial detail about the familial relationships among the religious authorities at the time of Jesus's trial.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The sole appearance of `{{G3995}}` occurs in the narrative of Jesus's arrest. After being taken, he was "led him away to Annas first; for he was **father in law** to Caiaphas, which was the high priest that same year" [[John 18:13]]. This verse uses the term to explain the sequence of events, clarifying that the first stop in Jesus's unofficial trial was dictated by a family connection to the sitting **high priest** `{{G749}}`, Caiaphas. The relationship established by **pentherós** reveals the network of power and influence confronting Jesus.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words from its biblical context illuminate the significance of this family relationship:
* `{{G452}}` **Ánnas** (Annas): An Israelite to whom Jesus was first brought after His arrest. He is identified specifically as the **father in law** of Caiaphas [[John 18:13]].
* `{{G2533}}` **Kaïáphas** (Caiaphas): The acting **high priest** `{{G749}}` during the year of Jesus's crucifixion and the son-in-law of Annas [[John 18:13]]. It was Caiaphas who had previously counseled that one man should die for the people [[John 18:14]].
* `{{G749}}` **archiereús** (high priest): This title denotes the immense religious and political authority held by Caiaphas. The family tie to Annas, a former holder of this office, consolidated their influence.
* `{{G1063}}` **gár** (for): This particle is essential as it assigns a reason. The text explicitly states that the reason Jesus was brought to Annas was "**for**" he was the **father in law** of Caiaphas, demonstrating that this relationship dictated the events [[John 18:13]].
### Theological Significance
While not a theological term in itself, the strategic placement of `{{G3995}}` carries significant weight in the passion narrative.
* **Human Power Structures:** The mention of a "**father in law**" immediately grounds the cosmic events of Jesus's trial in ordinary human politics and family influence. It highlights the human-level machinations at work.
* **Narrative Justification:** The word explains the otherwise unusual first step in Jesus's arraignment. By establishing Annas as the **father in law** `{{G3995}}` to the **high priest** `{{G749}}`, the narrative justifies why Jesus was brought before him, showcasing a chain of command based on family as much as official position.
* **Consolidated Opposition:** This familial link between Annas and Caiaphas underscores the unified and entrenched nature of the opposition to Jesus. The path to the cross ran through a powerful, interconnected family of religious leaders.
### Summary
In summary, **pentherós** `{{G3995}}` is more than just a genealogical descriptor. Its single use in scripture is a pivotal detail in the Gospel of John. By identifying Annas as the **father in law** of the high priest Caiaphas, the term serves a critical narrative function, explaining the sequence of Jesus's trial and exposing the intertwined familial and political power structures that orchestrated His condemnation.
TRV