### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **paroxysmós**, represented by `{{G3948}}`, carries a dual meaning of either a positive "incitement" or a negative "dispute (in anger)". This word is derived from παροξύνω, meaning a "paroxysm." It appears 3 times across 2 unique verses, illustrating how a single intense dynamic can lead to starkly different outcomes.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In its biblical usage, `{{G3948}}` highlights two opposing results of sharp interaction. In a constructive sense, believers are called to **provoke** one another unto love and good works, using this energy for mutual encouragement [[Hebrews 10:24]]. Conversely, the word is used to describe the sharp **contention** between Barnabas and Paul. This dispute was so severe that it resulted in their separation and the formation of two different missionary journeys [[Acts 15:39]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the contexts in which `{{G3948}}` appears:
* `{{G26}}` **agápē** (love, i.e. affection or benevolence): This is the intended positive goal of the "provocation" mentioned in scripture [[Hebrews 10:24]].
* `{{G2041}}` **érgon** (an act, deed, labour, work): Along with love, believers are to incite one another toward "good **works**," showing that this provocation should lead to tangible action [[Hebrews 10:24]].
* `{{G673}}` **apochōrízō** (to rend apart; reflexively, to separate): This word describes the unfortunate outcome of the negative form of `{{G3948}}`, where the contention between Paul and Barnabas led them to **depart asunder** [[Acts 15:39]].
* `{{G2657}}` **katanoéō** (to observe fully): This action of carefully considering one another is presented as the precursor to positively provoking others to love and good works [[Hebrews 10:24]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G3948}}` lies in its demonstration of how intense feeling or incitement can be channeled.
* **Constructive Stirring:** The word is used to command a form of active and intentional community life where believers are to "consider one another to provoke unto love" [[Hebrews 10:24]]. It frames encouragement not as a passive state but as an energetic, stirring action.
* **Destructive Division:** The incident in Acts reveals the danger of this same intensity when it manifests as a "sharp contention." The disagreement between Paul and Barnabas over Mark `{{G3138}}` led to a separation, showing that even foundational leaders are susceptible to divisive disputes [[Acts 15:39]].
* **A Paroxysm of Will:** Ultimately, `{{G3948}}` describes a "paroxysm"—a sudden, sharp event. The application of this energy, whether toward building up the church in love `{{G26}}` or toward a division, depends entirely on the focus and will of the individuals involved.
### Summary
In summary, `{{G3948}}` is a potent word that, despite its infrequent use, offers a crucial lesson on interpersonal dynamics within the faith. It shows that the same intensity that can **provoke** believers to love and good works can also fuel a **contention** so sharp that it leads to separation. Its usage serves as a powerful reminder to channel passion and conviction toward edification and unity rather than discord.
TRV