from a presumed derivative of the base of γινώσκω (compare ὀνίνημι); a "name" (literally or figuratively) (authority, character):--called, (+ sur-)name(-d).
### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word ὄνομα (ónoma), Strong's `{{G3686}}`, primarily denotes a "name" in its most literal sense—an appellation by which a person, place, or thing is called. However, its semantic range extends far beyond a mere label, encompassing the very essence, character, reputation, authority, and identity of that which it designates. Etymologically, it is presumed to derive from a base related to γινώσκω (ginōskō, to know), suggesting that a name is intrinsically linked to knowledge and revelation—it reveals something fundamental about the entity being named. Thus, in biblical thought, a name is not merely a linguistic convenience but a profound representation of the individual's nature, power, and standing. To know someone's name is to have access to their identity; to act "in their name" is to act with their full authority and backing.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term ὄνομα appears extensively throughout the New Testament, reflecting its multifaceted significance.
* **Literal Appellation:** Often, it refers to a personal name, as in the angel's instruction concerning Jesus: "you shall call his name Jesus" [[Matthew 1:21]]. Similarly, it is used for the names of disciples, cities, or other individuals.
* **Authority and Power:** A crucial usage of ὄνομα is to signify authority. To perform an action "in the name of Jesus" means to do so by His authority, with His power, and as His representative. This is evident in acts of healing ("in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, rise up and walk!" [[Acts 3:6]]), exorcism ("we saw someone casting out demons in your name" [[Mark 9:38]]), and baptism ("baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" [[Matthew 28:19]]). This indicates a profound identification with the one whose name is invoked.
* **Character and Reputation:** The word can also convey the idea of one's character, reputation, or renown. To "bear a good name" or to "blaspheme the name" (e.g., [[1 Timothy 6:1]]) speaks to the honor or dishonor associated with a person's character or, most significantly, with God's character.
* **Divine Revelation and Presence:** Most profoundly, ὄνομα refers to the very being and self-revelation of God. When Jesus teaches His disciples to pray, "Hallowed be your name" [[Matthew 6:9]], it is not merely the word "God" that is to be sanctified, but God's entire revealed character, His holiness, majesty, and power. The "Name of the Lord" in the Old Testament, often translated from the Hebrew `{{H8034}}` (shem), carries this same weight, representing God's active presence and covenant faithfulness.
* **Belonging and Identification:** Believers are said to be "called by His name" or to have their "names written in the book of life" [[Revelation 3:5]], signifying their identity as God's own, their belonging to Him, and their eternal salvation. This underscores a deep, personal relationship.
### Related Words & Concepts
The semantic richness of ὄνομα is best understood in conjunction with related concepts and its Hebrew counterpart:
* **`{{H8034}}` (shem):** The primary Hebrew equivalent, which likewise encompasses not just a designation but the essence, character, and reputation of an individual or of God. The Old Testament concept of "making a name" for oneself (e.g., [[Genesis 11:4]]) or God "making a name" for Himself (e.g., [[2 Samuel 7:23]]) directly parallels the New Testament understanding of ὄνομα.
* **Identity:** A name defines who one is. In the biblical worldview, identity is not self-derived but often conferred, especially by God.
* **Authority:** The power and right to act, inherent in the person whose name is invoked.
* **Revelation:** God's name is His self-disclosure, revealing His attributes and nature to humanity.
* **Presence:** God's name signifies His active presence, particularly in places where He chooses to dwell or in acts performed on His behalf.
* **Worship and Honor:** To hallow God's name, to call upon it, or to confess it, are acts of worship that acknowledge His supreme worth and authority.
### Theological Significance
The theological import of ὄνομα is immense, centering primarily on the revelation and authority of God and Jesus Christ.
* **The Name of God:** God's name is not merely a label for the divine, but the divine Himself as revealed. It encapsulates His holiness, power, faithfulness, and unique identity as the one true God. To "take the name of the Lord in vain" [[Exodus 20:7]] is not just idle speech, but a profound dishonoring of God's very being and character.
* **The Supremacy of Jesus' Name:** The New Testament elevates the name of Jesus to a position of unparalleled supremacy. "Therefore God has highly exalted him and bestowed on him the name that is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth" [[Philippians 2:9-10]]. This signifies His divine authority, His victory over sin and death, and His unique role as Savior and Lord. Salvation itself is inextricably linked to His name: "there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved" [[Acts 4:12]].
* **Prayer and Miracles in His Name:** The power to pray effectively and perform miracles is granted to believers when done "in Jesus' name," not as a magical incantation, but as an exercise of faith in His person, authority, and redemptive work. It signifies that the believer is acting as an authorized agent of Christ.
* **Belonging and Discipleship:** To be a Christian is to bear Christ's name. This implies not only identification with Him but also a commitment to live in a manner that honors His character and mission. Our names being "written in the book of life" signifies our eternal belonging to God, secured through Christ.
### Summary
The Greek word ὄνομα (ónoma, `{{G3686}}`) transcends its literal meaning of "name" to embody the full essence, character, authority, and reputation of an individual or entity. In the biblical context, it is a powerful concept that reveals identity and represents the very being of the one named. Its use in relation to God and Jesus Christ is particularly profound, signifying God's self-revelation, His holy character, and the supreme, saving authority of Jesus. To act "in the name" of God or Christ is to operate with His full power and authorization, underscoring the deep theological truth that salvation, power, and identity for believers are found exclusively in the glorious Name of Jesus.
TRV