from a presumed prolonged form of ἔρις; to stimulate (especially to anger):--provoke.
Transliteration:erethízō
Pronunciation:er-eth-id'-zo
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb ἐρεθίζω (erethízō, `{{G2042}}`) carries the core meaning of "to stimulate," "to incite," or "to provoke." Its etymological root is often traced to ἔρις (eris, `{{G2054}}`), meaning "strife" or "contention." This etymological connection reveals an inherent potential for agitation or stirring up, often, though not exclusively, towards negative outcomes such as anger or discord. The base definition "to stimulate (especially to anger)" accurately captures this primary semantic range, indicating an action that rouses or excites a particular response, whether emotional or behavioral. While it can denote a neutral or even positive stimulation, its association with ἔρις suggests a strong tendency towards instigation that might lead to conflict or frustration.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term ἐρεθίζω appears twice in the New Testament, presenting a nuanced application of its meaning:
* **Positive Stimulation:** In [[2 Corinthians 9:2]], Paul writes, "For I know your readiness, of which I boast about you to the Macedonians, that Achaia has been ready since last year; and your zeal has stirred up (ἐρεθίζω) the majority." Here, ἐρεθίζω is employed in a positive sense, describing how the zeal and readiness of the Corinthian believers for generous giving served to "stimulate" or "incite" many others to similar good works. This demonstrates that the word can denote a beneficial provocation, where one's commendable actions inspire and motivate others towards spiritual good and active service. It is not about competitive rivalry but about mutual encouragement and setting a commendable example.
* **Negative Provocation:** Conversely, in [[Colossians 3:21]], the apostle Paul issues a warning: "Fathers, do not provoke (ἐρεθίζω) your children, lest they become discouraged." In this context, ἐρεθίζω clearly carries a negative connotation. It refers to actions or attitudes by fathers that would exasperate, frustrate, anger, or embitter their children, potentially leading to discouragement, resentment, or a broken spirit. This usage aligns with the "especially to anger" aspect of its definition, highlighting the destructive potential of misguided authority or harsh treatment within the family unit.
These two occurrences reveal the word's capacity to describe both constructive and destructive forms of influence, contingent upon the context and the nature of the stimulation.
### Related Words & Concepts
Understanding ἐρεθίζω is enhanced by examining related terms and concepts:
* **ἔρις (eris, `{{G2054}}`):** As its presumed root, ἔρις directly signifies "strife," "contention," or "discord." This connection underscores the inherent potential for ἐρεθίζω to lead to conflict or disharmony when used negatively.
* **παροργίζω (parorgizō, `{{G3949}}`):** Meaning "to provoke to anger" or "to exasperate," this verb is closely related in semantic range, particularly in contexts of negative provocation. For instance, [[Ephesians 6:4]] uses παροργίζω in a parallel warning: "Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger." While ἐρεθίζω can encompass a broader range of stimulation, παροργίζω more specifically points to the *result* of anger.
* **ὀργίζω (orgizō, `{{G3710}}`):** This is the more general term for "to make angry" or "to be angry," representing the emotional state that ἐρεθίζω might incite.
* **παροξύνω (paroxynō, `{{G3947}}`):** Meaning "to sharpen," "to stimulate," or "to exasperate," this word also shares semantic overlap. It is used in [[Acts 17:16]] where Paul's spirit was "provoked" by idolatry, and in [[1 Corinthians 13:5]] where love "is not provoked."
* **Concepts:** The word relates to broader concepts such as incitement, instigation, influence, zeal, anger, discouragement, and the dynamics of interpersonal relationships within the Christian community and family.
### Theological Significance
The dual application of ἐρεθίζω in the New Testament carries profound theological significance:
* **The Power of Influence:** The word highlights the inherent power of human actions and attitudes to "provoke" or "stimulate" specific responses in others. This underscores a theological principle of responsibility: believers are called to wield their influence constructively, inspiring others towards righteousness and good works, rather than destructively, leading to sin, bitterness, or discouragement.
* **Community as Catalyst:** The positive use in [[2 Corinthians 9:2]] reveals that Christian community is intended to be a catalyst for spiritual growth and generosity. The zeal of some can genuinely "stir up" others, fostering a virtuous cycle of giving and service that glorifies God. This reflects the Body of Christ functioning as intended, where members mutually edify and encourage.
* **Parental Responsibility:** The negative use in [[Colossians 3:21]] speaks to the sacred trust of parenthood. Fathers are exhorted to nurture their children in the Lord, avoiding any behavior that would "provoke" them to anger or despair. This reflects God's own patient and loving character, calling parents to imitate divine grace in their upbringing of children, ensuring that the home is a place of blessing and growth, not resentment. It is a call to wisdom, empathy, and spiritual discernment in family dynamics.
* **Ethical Conduct:** Ultimately, ἐρεθίζω serves as a reminder of the ethical implications of our interactions. It challenges believers to consider the impact of their words and deeds, striving always to build up, encourage, and inspire, rather than to tear down, exasperate, or cause strife.
### Summary
ἐρεθίζω (erethízō, `{{G2042}}`) is a Greek verb meaning "to stimulate," "to incite," or "to provoke." While its etymological root in ἔρις (eris, `{{G2054}}`, "strife") suggests a tendency towards negative agitation, its biblical usage demonstrates a broader semantic range. In [[2 Corinthians 9:2]], it positively describes the "zeal" of some believers "stirring up" others to generosity. Conversely, in [[Colossians 3:21]], it negatively warns fathers not to "provoke" their children, lest they become discouraged. This dual application underscores the profound power of human influence to either inspire good works and spiritual growth or to cause anger, discouragement, and strife. Theologically, ἐρεθίζω highlights the responsibility of believers to use their interactions to build up and encourage, reflecting divine love and promoting Christ-like character within the community and family.
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