from ἐπί and a presumed derivative of ἵστημι; an appointee over, i.e. commander (teacher):--master.
Transliteration:epistátēs
Pronunciation:ep-is-tat'-ace
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word ἐπιστάτης (epistátēs - `{{G1988}}`) is derived from the preposition ἐπί (epi), meaning "upon" or "over," and a presumed derivative of the verb ἵστημι (histēmi), meaning "to stand" or "to cause to stand." Etymologically, it denotes one who "stands over" or is "placed over" others. Its core meaning encompasses the roles of an overseer, supervisor, commander, or master. The semantic range extends from administrative or military authority, implying one who gives orders and directs, to a more instructional authority, akin to a teacher or guide who holds a position of leadership. The KJV translation "master" captures this sense of one in charge.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term ἐπιστάτης (epistátēs - `{{G1988}}`) is found exclusively in Luke's Gospel in the New Testament, always used by disciples or those seeking help to address Jesus. This consistent usage provides significant insight into how Jesus' authority was perceived by His followers:
* In [[Luke 5:5]], after a fruitless night of fishing, Peter addresses Jesus as "Master" (ἐπιστάτα) before obeying His command to cast the nets again, resulting in a miraculous catch. This demonstrates Peter's recognition of Jesus' authority and his submission to it despite his own experience.
* During a violent storm, the disciples cry out, "Master, Master, we are perishing!" in [[Luke 8:24]]. Their plea underscores their belief in Jesus' power and authority over creation, even in their fear.
* When Jesus asks "Who touched me?" in [[Luke 8:45]], Peter responds, "Master, the crowds are pressing in on you..." Here, "Master" reflects an acknowledgement of Jesus' unique perception and wisdom amidst the throng.
* At the Transfiguration, Peter addresses Jesus as "Master" (ἐπιστάτα) in [[Luke 9:33]], proposing the building of three tents. This usage again highlights Jesus' elevated status and authority.
* In [[Luke 9:49]], John informs Jesus, "Master, we saw someone casting out demons in your name...", seeking clarification on a matter of spiritual authority. This shows the disciples' understanding that Jesus held ultimate authority over such matters.
* Finally, in [[Luke 17:13]], ten lepers cry out, "Jesus, Master, have mercy on us!" This is a direct appeal to Jesus' authoritative power to heal and show compassion.
Across these occurrences, epistátēs consistently emphasizes Jesus' role as the one in charge, the commanding figure, and the leader whose authority is recognized and obeyed by His followers.
### Related Words & Concepts
The meaning of ἐπιστάτης (epistátēs - `{{G1988}}`) can be further illuminated by examining its etymological roots and its relationship to other terms of authority:
* **ἵστημι (histēmi):** The root verb (to stand, to set, to establish) reinforces the idea of someone being "set over" or "established in authority."
* **ἐπί (epi):** The preposition (upon, over) further emphasizes the position of oversight and command.
* **διδάσκαλος (didaskalos - `{{G1320}}`):** While Jesus is often called "Teacher," epistátēs carries a stronger connotation of executive authority or command than merely instruction. It suggests a master who directs rather than just educates.
* **κύριος (kyrios - `{{G2962}}`):** "Lord" or "Master." This is a broader term of respect and authority, often used for God. While kyrios denotes general lordship, epistátēs specifically highlights Jesus' immediate, practical, and administrative authority over His disciples and situations.
* **δεσπότης (despotēs - `{{G1203}}`):** "Master" or "Lord" (implying absolute ownership, often of slaves). Epistátēs is less about ownership and more about the function of oversight and command.
* **ἐπίσκοπος (episkopos - `{{G1985}}`):** "Overseer" or "bishop." This term, also derived from ἐπί and σκοπέω (to look), shares the concept of oversight but is used for church leadership roles, whereas epistátēs is uniquely applied to Jesus in the Gospels.
### Theological Significance
The consistent and exclusive use of ἐπιστάτης (epistátēs - `{{G1988}}`) for Jesus in Luke's Gospel carries significant theological weight. It profoundly underscores Jesus' unique and comprehensive authority. He is not merely a wise teacher or a respected leader, but the one who commands, oversees, and is truly in charge of all circumstances, including the elements, diseases, and the actions of His followers. This term highlights the disciples' evolving recognition of Jesus' divine power and His unique position as the practical, active master of their lives and mission. The appeals to "Master" in moments of crisis or confusion demonstrate that this recognition of authority leads to profound trust and obedience, even when human understanding fails. Luke's particular emphasis on epistátēs may serve to portray Jesus as the ultimate leader and commander, whose executive authority demands and receives the submission of His followers.
### Summary
The Greek word ἐπιστάτης (epistátēs - `{{G1988}}`), meaning an "overseer," "commander," or "master," is uniquely employed in Luke's Gospel to address Jesus. Derived from ἐπί (over) and ἵστημι (to stand), it signifies one who "stands over" others in a position of authority. Its consistent use by disciples in various contexts—from Peter's obedience in [[Luke 5:5]] to the lepers' plea in [[Luke 17:13]]—underscores their recognition of Jesus' profound and practical authority. This term emphasizes Jesus' role not merely as a teacher ([[G1320]]) or a general Lord ([[G2962]]), but as the direct, commanding leader with power over all circumstances, including nature and human affairs. The theological significance lies in its portrayal of Jesus' executive authority, demanding trust and obedience from His followers, and highlighting Luke's unique emphasis on Jesus as the authoritative Master of His ministry.
TRV