The Greek word epiorkéō, represented by G1964, means to commit perjury or to forswear self. It is derived from the word ἐπίορκος. Despite its significant moral weight, this term appears only 2 times within a single verse in the Bible. It specifically addresses the act of breaking a solemn promise or oath.
In its single biblical appearance, G1964 is used by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount. He references an established teaching from the past: "thou shalt not forswear thyself" Matthew 5:33. This sets the stage for a deeper discussion on the nature of oaths, highlighting the traditional prohibition against committing perjury and failing to fulfill vows made to the Lord G2962. The term directly addresses the failure to be true to one's sworn word.
Several related words in the immediate context clarify the meaning of G1964:
- G3727 hórkos (oath): This is the object of the action. To forswear oneself is to violate an oath, which is defined as a sacred restraint or limit Matthew 5:33.
- G591 apodídōmi (to give away... perform, render): This word presents the proper action one should take with oaths, which is to perform or render them as promised, in contrast to breaking them Matthew 5:33.
- G3756 ou (no or not): This absolute negative adverb is central to the command, establishing a strict prohibition against perjury: "Thou shalt not forswear thyself" Matthew 5:33.
- G2962 kýrios (Lord, master): This title indicates the one to whom oaths are ultimately owed. The command is to perform oaths "unto the Lord," highlighting the divine gravity of making a vow Matthew 5:33.
The theological weight of G1964 is concentrated in its single appearance, establishing a clear moral principle.
- Integrity in Speech: The command against forswearing oneself underscores the importance of truthfulness and reliability. It directly ties a person's word to their moral and spiritual standing.
- Accountability to God: The act of performing oaths is explicitly directed "unto the Lord" G2962, indicating that a vow is not merely a promise between people but a solemn act made before God, who is the ultimate authority and witness Matthew 5:33.
- Foundation of Righteousness: By referencing this command, Jesus includes faithfulness to one's word as a component of righteousness. It is presented as a known and foundational element of religious duty passed down from "them of old time" Matthew 5:33.
In summary, G1964 epiorkéō provides a specific term for the act of committing perjury. Though rare in scripture, its use in Matthew 5:33 is pivotal, framing the conversation on oaths within the Sermon on the Mount. It establishes a divine standard for personal integrity, where failing to keep an oath is a direct offense. The word functions as a critical warning against violating a sworn promise, reinforcing that words spoken as vows are to be performed as if unto the Lord himself.
TRV