from ἐγκρατής; self-control (especially continence):--temperance.
Transliteration:enkráteia
Pronunciation:eng-krat'-i-ah
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek term enkráteia (`{{G1466}}`) is derived from enkratēs (`{{G1748}}`), meaning "holding oneself in" or "master of oneself." Its core meaning denotes self-control, an inner strength that enables one to govern one's own desires, impulses, and passions. The semantic range of enkráteia extends to include general self-mastery, moderation in all things, and specifically, continence, particularly in sexual matters, as indicated by its base definition. It implies a disciplined will that brings the whole person, including their appetites and emotions, under a deliberate and righteous command. It is not merely external restraint but an internal disposition of disciplined governance over one's own faculties.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term enkráteia (`{{G1466}}`) appears in a few significant passages in the New Testament, each providing distinct contextual nuances:
* **[[Acts 24:25]]**: In this verse, Paul is speaking before Felix, the Roman governor. Paul "reasoned about righteousness and self-control and the coming judgment." Here, enkráteia is presented as a moral imperative, a virtue necessary for all, especially in light of divine judgment. It stands in direct contrast to the likely indulgent and unrestrained lifestyle of Felix, highlighting the ethical demand for disciplined living.
* **[[Galatians 5:23]]**: Enkráteia is listed as the final quality among the "fruit of the Spirit," following "gentleness." This placement is highly significant. As a fruit of the Spirit, it is not merely a human achievement but a supernatural manifestation in the life of a believer, empowered by the Holy Spirit. It demonstrates the Spirit's transformative work, enabling believers to overcome the "works of the flesh" ([[Galatians 5:19-21]]), which include sensuality, impurity, and drunkenness—all antithetical to enkráteia.
* **[[2 Peter 1:6]]**: Here, enkráteia is part of a progressive chain of virtues that believers are exhorted to diligently add to their faith: "add to your faith virtue, and to virtue knowledge, and to knowledge self-control, and to self-control steadfastness, and to steadfastness godliness, and to godliness brotherly affection, and to brotherly affection love." In this context, self-control is presented as a crucial step in spiritual growth and maturity, a necessary discipline that enables the development of perseverance and godliness. It underscores the active role of the believer in cultivating these divine qualities, albeit by divine enablement.
Across these contexts, enkráteia consistently denotes the disciplined mastery of one's inner life, whether as a moral standard for all, a divine enablement for believers, or a cultivated virtue for spiritual advancement.
### Related Words & Concepts
Enkráteia (`{{G1466}}`) is intimately connected with several other biblical and theological concepts:
* **Root Word**: Its direct root is enkratēs (`{{G1748}}`), meaning "self-controlled" or "master of oneself," highlighting the active state of being in control.
* **Opposites**: The antonyms of enkráteia are evident in the "works of the flesh" listed in [[Galatians 5:19-21]], such as aselgeia (licentiousness/sensuality - `{{G766}}`), akatharsia (impurity - `{{G167}}`), and methē (drunkenness - `{{G3178}}`). These represent a lack of self-governance and surrender to base desires.
* **Synonyms/Closely Related Terms**:
* Sōphrosynē (`{{G4997}}`): Often translated as "soundness of mind," "discretion," or "moderation." While similar to enkráteia, sōphrosynē emphasizes wisdom and prudence in one's thinking that leads to balanced behavior, whereas enkráteia focuses more on the *power* or *ability* to control one's impulses.
* Hypomonē (`{{G5281}}`): "Steadfastness" or "patient endurance." Enkráteia often serves as a prerequisite for hypomonē, as self-control is necessary to persevere through trials and temptations.
* **Broader Concepts**:
* **Discipline**: Enkráteia is a form of spiritual discipline, a training of the will and appetites for righteous living.
* **Crucifying the Flesh**: The concept of bringing the body under subjection, or "crucifying the flesh with its passions and desires" ([[Galatians 5:24]]), is a direct outworking of enkráteia.
* **Walking in the Spirit**: As a fruit of the Spirit, enkráteia is a key indicator of a life lived in submission to and empowerment by the Holy Spirit, in contrast to walking according to the dictates of the flesh.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of enkráteia (`{{G1466}}`) is profound and multifaceted:
* **Divine Empowerment**: Foremost, as a "fruit of the Spirit" ([[Galatians 5:23]]), enkráteia is not merely a human moral achievement but a supernatural gift and expression of God's Spirit working within the believer. It signifies that true self-control is impossible apart from divine grace and power, enabling the believer to do what is humanly impossible—mastering the fallen desires of the flesh.
* **Essential for Holiness and Purity**: Enkráteia, particularly in its aspect of continence, is foundational for pursuing holiness and purity. It is the means by which believers can resist sexual immorality, gluttony, and other forms of bodily indulgence, thus honoring God with their bodies ([[1 Corinthians 6:18-20]]).
* **Evidence of Transformation**: The presence of enkráteia in a believer's life serves as tangible evidence of spiritual transformation and the reality of the new creation in Christ. It marks a shift from being enslaved to sin and passion to being a master of oneself under the Lordship of Christ.
* **Foundation for Spiritual Growth**: As seen in [[2 Peter 1:6]], enkráteia is presented as a crucial stepping stone in the ladder of spiritual virtues. Without the discipline of self-control, other virtues like steadfastness, godliness, and brotherly affection may be difficult to cultivate or maintain. It provides the necessary internal stability for continued spiritual development.
* **Witness to the World**: Paul's preaching to Felix ([[Acts 24:25]]) demonstrates that enkráteia is also a powerful witness to the unbelieving world. A life marked by self-control stands in stark contrast to the prevailing indulgence and offers a compelling testimony to the power of the Gospel to transform lives.
* **Preparation for Accountability**: The linkage of enkráteia with "righteousness and the coming judgment" underscores its ethical weight. A lack of self-control is not a minor flaw but a serious moral deficiency that will be accounted for before God.
### Summary
Enkráteia (`{{G1466}}`) signifies self-control, the disciplined mastery over one's desires, passions, and impulses, encompassing both general self-discipline and specific continence. Biblically, it is presented as a crucial virtue: a Spirit-empowered "fruit of the Spirit" ([[Galatians 5:23]]) demonstrating God's transforming work in the believer. It is also an essential component of spiritual growth and maturity ([[2 Peter 1:6]]), enabling steadfastness and godliness. Preached as a moral imperative ([[Acts 24:25]]), enkráteia stands in stark opposition to the unrestrained desires of the flesh and is vital for living a life of holiness and purity, reflecting a disciplined walk in accordance with God's will. It is not merely human willpower but a divine enablement, essential for true discipleship and preparation for divine accountability.
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