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Commentary on Numbers 13 verses 1–20
1 ¶ And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
2 Send thou men, that they may search the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel: of every tribe of their fathers shall ye send a man, every one a ruler among them.
3 And Moses by the commandment of the LORD sent them from the wilderness of Paran: all those men were heads of the children of Israel.
4 And these were their names: of the tribe of Reuben, Shammua the son of Zaccur.
5 Of the tribe of Simeon, Shaphat the son of Hori.
6 Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh.
7 Of the tribe of Issachar, Igal the son of Joseph.
8 Of the tribe of Ephraim, Oshea the son of Nun.
9 Of the tribe of Benjamin, Palti the son of Raphu.
10 Of the tribe of Zebulun, Gaddiel the son of Sodi.
11 Of the tribe of Joseph, namely, of the tribe of Manasseh, Gaddi the son of Susi.
12 Of the tribe of Dan, Ammiel the son of Gemalli.
13 Of the tribe of Asher, Sethur the son of Michael.
14 Of the tribe of Naphtali, Nahbi the son of Vophsi.
15 Of the tribe of Gad, Geuel the son of Machi.
16 These are the names of the men which Moses sent to spy out the land. And Moses called Oshea the son of Nun Jehoshua.
17 And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and said unto them, Get you up this way southward, and go up into the mountain:
18 And see the land, what it is; and the people that dwelleth therein, whether they be strong or weak, few or many;
19 And what the land is that they dwell in, whether it be good or bad; and what cities they be that they dwell in, whether in tents, or in strong holds;
20 And what the land is, whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein, or not. And be ye of good courage, and bring of the fruit of the land. Now the time was the time of the firstripe grapes.
Here we have, I. Orders given to send spies to search out the land of Canaan. It is here said, God directed Moses to send them (Num 13:1, Num 13:2), but it appears by the repetition of the story afterwards (Deu 1:22) that the motion came originally from the people; they came to Moses, and said, We will send men before us; and it was the fruit of their unbelief. They would not take God's word that it was a good land, and that he would, without fail, put them in possession of it. They could not trust the pillar of cloud and fire to show them the way to it, but had a better opinion of their own politics than of God's wisdom. How absurd was it for them to send to spy out a land which God himself had spied out for them, to enquire the way into it when God himself had undertaken to show them the way! But thus we ruin ourselves by giving more credit to the reports and representations of sense than to divine revelation; we walk by sight, not by faith; whereas, if we will receive the witness of men, without doubt the witness of God is greater. The people making this motion to Moses, he (perhaps not aware of the unbelief at the bottom of it) consulted God in the case, who bade him gratify the people in this matter, and send spies before them: "Let them walk in their own counsels." Yet God was no way accessory to the sin that followed, for the sending of these spies was so far from being the cause of the sin that if the spies had done their duty, and the people theirs, it might have been the confirmation of their faith, and of good service to them.
II. The persons nominated that were to be employed in this service (Num 13:4, etc.), one of each tribe, that it might appear to be the act of the people in general; and rulers, person of figure in their respective tribes, some of the rulers of thousands or hundreds, to put the greater credit upon their embassy. This was designed for the best, but it proved to have this ill effect that the quality of the persons occasioned the evil report they brought up to be the more credited and the people to be the more influenced by it. Some think that they are all named for the sake of two good ones that were among them, Caleb and Joshua. Notice is taken of the change of Joshua's name upon this occasion, Num 13:16. He was Moses's minister, but had been employed, though of the tribe of Ephraim, as general of the forces that were sent out against Amalek. The name by which he was generally called and known in his own tribe was Oshea, but Moses called him Joshua, in token of his affection to him and power over him; and now, it should seem, he ordered others to call him so, and fixed that to be his name henceforward. Oshea signifies a prayer for salvation, Save thou; Joshua signifies a promise of salvation, He will save, in answer to that prayer: so near is the relation between prayers and promises. Prayers prevail for promises, and promises direct and encourage prayers. Some think that Moses designed, by taking the first syllable of the name Jehovah and prefixing it to his name, which turned Hoshea into Jehoshua, to put an honour upon him, and to encourage him in this and all his future services with the assurances of God's presence. Yet after this he is called Hoshea, Deu 32:44. Jesus is the same name with Joshua, and it is the name of our Lord Christ, of whom Joshua was a type as successor to Moses, Israel's captain, and conqueror of Canaan. There was another of the same name, who was also a type of Christ, Zac 6:11. Joshua was the saviour of God's people from the powers of Canaan, but Christ is their Saviour from the powers of hell.
III. The instructions given to those spies. They were sent into the land of Canaan the nearest way, to traverse the country, and to take account of its present state, Num 13:17. Two heads of enquiry were given them in charge, 1. Concerning the land itself: See what that is (Num 13:18, and again, Num 13:19), see whether it be good or bad, and (Num 13:20) whether it be fat or lean. All parts of the earth do not share alike in the blessing of fruitfulness; some countries are blessed with a richer soil than others. Moses himself was well satisfied that Canaan was a very good land, but he sent these spies to bring an account of it for the satisfaction of the people; as John Baptist sent to Jesus, to ask whether he was the Christ, not to inform himself, but to inform those he sent. They must take notice whether the air was healthful or no, what the soil was, and what the productions; and, for the better satisfaction of the people, they must bring with them some of the fruits. 2. Concerning the inhabitants - their number, few or many - their size and stature, whether strong able-bodied men or weak, - their habitations, whether they lived in tents or houses, whether in open villages or in walled towns, - whether the woods were standing as in those countries that are uncultivated, through the unskillfulness and slothfulness of the inhabitants, or whether the woods were cut down, and the country made champaign, for the convenience of tillage. These were the things they were to enquire about. Perhaps there had not been of late years such commerce between Egypt and Canaan as there was in Jacob's time, else they might have informed themselves of these things without sending men on purpose to search. See the advantage we may derive from books and learning, which acquaint those that are curious and inquisitive with the state of foreign countries, at a much greater distance than Canaan was now from Israel, without this trouble and expense.
IV. Moses dismisses the spies with this charge, Be of good courage, intimating, not only that they should be themselves encouraged against the difficulties of this expedition, but that they should bring an encouraging account to the people and make the best of every thing. It was not only a great undertaking they were put upon, which required good management and resolution, but it was a great trust that was reposed in them, which required that they should be faithful.
Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 1–20. Public domain.
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Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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SUMMARY
Numbers 13:7 succinctly introduces Igal, the son of Joseph, as the designated tribal leader from Issachar, chosen by Moses to participate in the critical reconnaissance mission into Canaan. This brief yet significant verse is an integral part of the comprehensive roster of twelve spies, meticulously selected to explore the Promised Land. It underscores the structured organization of the Israelite nation and sets the stage for a pivotal moment in their journey, where the collective faith of the people would be profoundly tested by the reports brought back by these very individuals.
CONTEXT
Literary Context: Numbers 13:7 is situated within the foundational narrative of the reconnaissance mission into Canaan, detailed in Numbers 13. The chapter commences with Yahweh's direct command to Moses to dispatch one leader from each ancestral tribe to explore the land He was about to bestow upon Israel (Numbers 13:1-2). Verses 3 through 15 provide a meticulous roll call, listing the names of these twelve chosen men, thereby emphasizing the comprehensive and representative nature of the delegation. Igal's inclusion in this roster highlights the individual responsibility each spy bore, as their collective report would dramatically influence the nation's immediate future and ultimately lead to the tragic forty-year wilderness wandering, as recounted in Numbers 14. This careful naming convention underscores the gravity of their mission and the profound impact of their subsequent actions.
Historical & Cultural Context: The historical backdrop for this event is Kadesh-barnea, a crucial encampment located on the southern frontier of Canaan, serving as Israel's strategic staging point before their anticipated entry into the Promised Land. The practice of dispatching scouts or spies for intelligence gathering was a standard military and administrative procedure in the ancient Near East, reflecting a pragmatic approach to territorial acquisition and defense. Such leaders were typically chosen for their wisdom, courage, and their ability to represent their tribal interests effectively. The tribal system itself formed the bedrock of Israelite society, providing a framework for identity, governance, and collective action. This mission, however, transcended mere military strategy; it was deeply intertwined with the divine covenant, concerning the fulfillment of God's ancient promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, a promise that defined Israel's unique identity and destiny as a nation.
Key Themes: This verse, as an integral part of the spy narrative, contributes significantly to several overarching theological and narrative themes within the book of Numbers. The theme of Tribal Representation is paramount, as Igal stands as the appointed delegate for the tribe of Issachar, underscoring the collective identity and shared destiny of the entire Israelite nation. The mission itself highlights the theme of Preparation for Inheritance, demonstrating that while God's promises are sovereign, they often involve human agency, requiring discernment, strategic planning, and, crucially, faith. The selection of these twelve men as leaders brings forth the theme of Leadership and Discernment, emphasizing the weighty responsibility of those entrusted with guiding God's people and the profound consequences of their choices. Furthermore, this passage subtly introduces the critical tension between Faith and Fear, a central motif that will dramatically unfold as the spies deliver their contrasting reports, culminating in a crisis of faith that shapes Israel's wilderness experience, particularly evident in the people's lament and rebellion in Numbers 14:1-10.
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Numbers 13:7, as part of a detailed list, primarily employs Enumeration, systematically naming each spy and their respective tribal affiliation. This device serves to provide an organized, comprehensive, and authoritative record of the individuals designated for this crucial mission, ensuring that all twelve tribes are accounted for. Furthermore, the seemingly straightforward naming of Igal, alongside the other spies, subtly utilizes Foreshadowing. By introducing these key characters who will later deliver their reports, the verse implicitly prepares the reader for the dramatic and faith-testing events that will directly ensue from their expedition. While not explicitly symbolic in a direct sense, the Nominal Symbolism inherent in the names "Igal" (avenger/redeemer) and "Issachar" (he will bring a reward) adds a layer of potential, though tragically unfulfilled, meaning, hinting at themes of redemption and recompense that are central to God's broader narrative with Israel and His ultimate plan of salvation.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Numbers 13:7, though a mere identification, serves as a crucial thread in the unfolding narrative of God's covenant relationship with Israel, highlighting the dynamic interplay between divine promise and human response. The meticulous selection of Igal, along with the other eleven tribal leaders, underscores God's sovereign and meticulous preparation for His people to inherit the Promised Land. It profoundly reveals that while God's promises are absolutely sure and sovereign, He often chooses to involve human agents in their fulfillment, entrusting them with significant responsibilities and testing their faith. The subsequent, tragic failure of Igal and the majority of the spies to trust God's power and faithfulness, leading to Israel's forty-year wandering in the wilderness, serves as a profound theological object lesson on the devastating consequences of unbelief and the vital importance of courageous faith in the face of daunting challenges. This passage ultimately emphasizes that genuine faith is not merely intellectual assent to God's existence or promises, but a living, active trust that manifests in courageous obedience to His word, even when circumstances appear insurmountable.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Numbers 13:7, by specifically naming Igal as a representative, serves as a poignant reminder that every individual, regardless of their prominence in the biblical narrative, plays a unique and significant part in God's overarching plan. This calls us to deeply consider our own specific roles and responsibilities within the larger body of Christ and in God's ongoing work of redemption in the world. Just as Igal was chosen for a specific, high-stakes mission, we too are called to various tasks and responsibilities within our families, communities, workplaces, and spheres of influence. The subsequent narrative of the spies' failure, tragically including Igal, stands as a powerful and enduring cautionary tale: our responses to challenges, particularly those that demand an active trust in God's promises, have profound and far-reaching consequences not only for our individual lives but also for those around us, and potentially for generations. This passage challenges us to cultivate a spirit of courageous, unwavering faith, akin to Joshua and Caleb, rather than succumbing to the paralyzing grip of fear and doubt. We are called to be discerning leaders and faithful followers, consistently anchoring our decisions and actions in God's unwavering truth and omnipotent power, even when the "giants" in our lives or the obstacles before us seem utterly overwhelming.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Who was Igal, and what was his significance?
Answer: Igal, the son of Joseph, was the designated representative from the tribe of Issachar, chosen by Moses to be one of the twelve spies sent to scout the land of Canaan, as recorded in Numbers 13:7. While the biblical text offers no further personal details about Igal beyond his lineage, his significance lies in his pivotal participation in this critical reconnaissance mission. He was one of the ten spies who returned with a fearful and discouraging report, emphasizing the strength of the Canaanite inhabitants and the formidable nature of their cities. This negative report directly led to Israel's widespread rebellion against the Lord and their subsequent forty years of wandering in the wilderness, as detailed in Numbers 14:1-35. Igal's role, though brief in its mention, profoundly illustrates the far-reaching impact of individual choices and faith (or lack thereof) on the collective destiny of a nation.
What was the significance of the tribe of Issachar in this context?
Answer: The tribe of Issachar was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Jacob's son Issachar. In the context of the spying mission, their representative, Igal, was selected to participate in a crucial national undertaking that would determine the immediate future of the entire Israelite nation. Historically, the tribe of Issachar was later renowned for its exceptional understanding of the times and what Israel ought to do (1 Chronicles 12:32), suggesting a reputation for wisdom, discernment, and strategic insight. While Igal's report, unfortunately, did not reflect this characteristic wisdom, his selection from a tribe known for its sagacity underscores the high expectations placed upon these tribal leaders to accurately assess the situation and provide sound counsel to the nation.
Why did God command Moses to send spies if He had already promised the land to Israel?
Answer: The divine command to send spies, found in Numbers 13:1-2, was given by the Lord Himself. While God had indeed unequivocally promised the land of Canaan to Israel as an inheritance, this mission served several profound purposes. Firstly, it was a test of Israel's faith and obedience, allowing them the opportunity to actively participate in the process of inheriting the land and demonstrating their trust in God's power. Secondly, it provided practical intelligence concerning the land's resources, the strength of its inhabitants, and the nature of their fortified cities, which could have been utilized for strategic planning had the people responded in faith. Ultimately, Israel's failure to trust God after hearing the fearful report from the majority of the spies revealed their deep-seated lack of faith and their rebellious hearts, rather than any flaw in God's perfect plan or unwavering promise. God's promises are eternally sure, but He often allows for human agency and choice, which in turn reveals the true spiritual condition and faith of His people.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Numbers 13:7, by introducing Igal as one of the twelve sent to scout the physical Promised Land, subtly foreshadows a far greater mission and the advent of a more perfect, faithful Representative. The spies' mission was to assess an earthly inheritance for Israel, yet their collective failure to trust God's omnipotence led to a generation's demise in the wilderness, powerfully illustrating humanity's inherent inability to fully grasp and claim God's promises through their own limited strength, vision, or courage. This narrative finds its ultimate and glorious fulfillment in the person of Jesus Christ, the true and perfectly faithful "Spy" and Leader. Unlike the ten unfaithful spies, Jesus perfectly accomplished His mission, not to scout a physical land, but to secure an eternal, spiritual inheritance—everlasting life and direct access to the very presence of God (Hebrews 9:11-12). He is the ultimate "Redeemer," a title profoundly echoed in the meaning of Igal's name, who truly takes away the sin of the world and opens the way to the heavenly Canaan (John 1:29). Through His perfect obedience, sacrificial death, and glorious resurrection, Christ secured the "recompense" (a theme resonant with Issachar's name) of salvation, reconciliation, and eternal life for all who place their faith in Him, fulfilling the promises of God far beyond any earthly inheritance (Ephesians 1:3-14). He stands as the faithful leader who never succumbs to fear or doubt, but always perfectly trusts and obeys the Father, leading His people into the true rest and everlasting inheritance found only in Him (Matthew 11:28-30).