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Translation
King James Version
Therefore thou deliveredst them into the hand of their enemies, who vexed them: and in the time of their trouble, when they cried unto thee, thou heardest them from heaven; and according to thy manifold mercies thou gavest them saviours, who saved them out of the hand of their enemies.
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KJV (with Strong's)
Therefore thou deliveredst H5414 them into the hand H3027 of their enemies H6862, who vexed H6887 them: and in the time H6256 of their trouble H6869, when they cried H6817 unto thee, thou heardest H8085 them from heaven H8064; and according to thy manifold H7227 mercies H7356 thou gavest H5414 them saviours H3467, who saved H3467 them out of the hand H3027 of their enemies H6862.
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Complete Jewish Bible
So you handed them over to the power of their adversaries, who oppressed them. Yet in the time of their trouble, when they cried out to you, you heard from heaven, and in keeping with your great compassion, you gave them saviors to save them from the power of their adversaries.
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Berean Standard Bible
So You delivered them into the hands of enemies who oppressed them, and in their time of distress they cried out to You. From heaven You heard them, and in Your great compassion You gave them deliverers who saved them from the hands of their enemies.
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American Standard Version
Therefore thou deliveredst them into the hand of their adversaries, who distressed them: and in the time of their trouble, when they cried unto thee, thou heardest from heaven; and according to thy manifold mercies thou gavest them saviours who saved them out of the hand of their adversaries.
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World English Bible Messianic
Therefore you delivered them into the hand of their adversaries, who distressed them. In the time of their trouble, when they cried to you, you heard from heaven; and according to your manifold mercies you gave them saviors who saved them out of the hand of their adversaries.
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Geneva Bible (1599)
Therefore thou deliueredst them into the hande of their enemies that vexed them: yet in the time of their affliction, when they cryed vnto thee, thou heardest them from the heauen, and through thy great mercies thou gauest them sauiours, who saued them out of the hande of their aduersaries.
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Young's Literal Translation
and Thou givest them into the hand of their adversaries, and they distress them, and in the time of their distress they cry unto Thee, and Thou, from the heavens, dost hear, and, according to Thine abundant mercies, dost give to them saviours, and they save them out of the hand of their adversaries.
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Study This Verse

SUMMARY

Nehemiah 9:27, embedded within a sweeping prayer of national confession and historical review, encapsulates a profound theological truth about God's interaction with His covenant people, Israel. It vividly portrays a recurring cycle: Israel's rebellion leading to divine discipline through oppressive enemies, their subsequent cry for help in distress, and God's unfailing response of mercy by raising up deliverers. This verse underscores God's perfect balance of justice and boundless compassion, revealing His consistent faithfulness even in the face of His people's repeated unfaithfulness, demonstrating His sovereign hand in both judgment and salvation.

CONTEXT

  • Literary Context: Nehemiah 9:27 is a pivotal verse within the Levites' extensive prayer of confession and historical recount, which spans the entire ninth chapter of Nehemiah. This profound prayer immediately follows the public reading of the Law and the celebration of the Feast of Booths (Sukkot), events that had brought a profound sense of conviction and repentance among the returned exiles in Jerusalem. The prayer systematically reviews God's faithfulness from creation and the call of Abraham, through the Exodus, the wilderness wanderings, the giving of the Law, the conquest of Canaan, and crucially, the turbulent period of the Judges, which is the direct historical backdrop for verse 27. The verse serves as a concise summary of the cyclical pattern of sin, suffering, repentance, and deliverance that characterized Israel's experience during that era, setting the stage for the subsequent acknowledgment of their continued disobedience leading to the Babylonian exile and their present state of dependence.
  • Historical & Cultural Context: The prayer in Nehemiah 9 is offered in the post-exilic period, likely around 444 BC, after the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls under Nehemiah's leadership. The people, having returned from seventy years of Babylonian captivity, are reflecting on their national history, acknowledging their ancestral sins that led to the exile, and seeking to renew their covenant with God. Culturally, this was a moment of profound spiritual renewal and covenant reaffirmation, marked by public confession and a commitment to obedience. The "saviours" mentioned in verse 27 directly refer to the Judges whom God raised up during the period chronicled in the Book of Judges (roughly 1375-1050 BC). This era was characterized by a lack of central leadership ("everyone did what was right in his own eyes" as seen in Judges 17:6), leading to repeated cycles of apostasy, foreign oppression, and God's merciful intervention through charismatic leaders like Deborah, Gideon, and Samson. The prayer's recounting of this history serves as a cautionary tale and a powerful reminder of God's enduring covenant faithfulness despite Israel's consistent failures.
  • Key Themes: Nehemiah 9:27 powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within the book of Nehemiah and the broader Old Testament narrative. Firstly, it highlights the theme of Divine Justice and Discipline, where God, in His righteousness, allows His people to experience the consequences of their rebellion, often through the hand of foreign oppressors. This is not arbitrary punishment but a disciplinary measure designed to bring about repentance and restoration, as seen in the phrase "Therefore thou deliveredst them into the hand of their enemies, who vexed them." Secondly, the verse magnifies God's Unfailing Mercy and Compassion, emphasizing that even in their deepest distress, when Israel cried out, God heard them and responded "according to thy manifold mercies." This showcases God's covenant loyalty (hesed) that transcends human unfaithfulness, a theme powerfully echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Lamentations 3:22-23. Finally, it underscores God as the Ultimate Deliverer and Savior, who actively intervenes in human history by raising up "saviours" (Judges) to rescue His people, demonstrating His sovereign power and unwavering commitment to His promises, a pattern seen repeatedly in the book of Judges.

EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

Key Word Analysis

  • Hand (Hebrew, yâd', H3027): This term, literally referring to the open hand, is used metaphorically to denote power, authority, or control. When Israel is delivered "into the hand of their enemies," it signifies their subjugation and the enemies' dominion over them. Conversely, being saved "out of the hand of their enemies" implies liberation from that oppressive power. The word emphasizes the transfer of authority and the tangible experience of either oppression or freedom.
  • Manifold (Hebrew, rab', H7227): This word, often translated as "great," "numerous," or "abundant," modifies "mercies" (rachamim). It conveys a sense of immeasurable quantity and diversity. God's mercies are not merely sufficient but are exceedingly abundant, diverse in their expression, and inexhaustible, particularly in the face of persistent human sin. It implies a vast, overflowing reservoir of compassion that God draws upon to act on behalf of His people.
  • Saviours (Hebrew, yâshaʻ', H3467): This plural noun, derived from the root meaning "to be open, wide, or free," literally means "deliverers" or "rescuers." In the context of Nehemiah 9:27, it specifically refers to the Judges whom God raised up during the period of Israel's history before the monarchy. These individuals were divinely appointed and empowered to deliver Israel from foreign oppression. The use of this term emphasizes that salvation, even in a temporal, physical sense, originates from God and is accomplished through His chosen instruments, highlighting His active role as the ultimate source of rescue.

Verse Breakdown

  • "Therefore thou deliveredst them into the hand of their enemies, who vexed them:" This clause highlights God's judicial action, a consequence of Israel's prior unfaithfulness detailed in the preceding verses of the prayer. The "therefore" points to the preceding narrative of Israel's rebellion and disobedience. God, in His justice, allowed the natural consequences of their apostasy to unfold, lifting His protective hand and permitting foreign nations to oppress and distress His people. This was not an act of abandonment but a disciplinary measure, designed to bring them to a point of repentance and recognition of their utter dependence on Him. The enemies "vexed" them, causing severe distress and affliction, a direct result of their turning away from God.
  • "and in the time of their trouble, when they cried unto thee, thou heardest [them] from heaven;" This segment reveals God's profound responsiveness to His people's plight. Despite their previous and persistent unfaithfulness, when Israel reached a point of desperation and cried out to God in their affliction, He, from His sovereign heavenly throne, heard their pleas. This demonstrates God's attentiveness, His unwavering compassion, and His readiness to respond to a repentant heart, even when that repentance is born out of duress. It underscores His covenant promise to hear His people whenever they turn back to Him with a sincere cry.
  • "and according to thy manifold mercies thou gavest them saviours, who saved them out of the hand of their enemies." This final clause emphasizes God's abundant grace and active intervention. His response was not merely hearing, but acting, and His action was rooted in His "manifold mercies"—His vast and tender compassion that knows no bounds. He did not directly intervene with a visible hand but raised up specific individuals, the "saviours" (Judges), to deliver His people from the very enemies He had allowed to oppress them. This highlights God's sovereign control over history and His unwavering commitment to providing rescue when His people turn back to Him, demonstrating His faithfulness to His covenant despite their repeated failures.

Literary Devices

Nehemiah 9:27 masterfully employs several literary devices to convey its powerful message. The most prominent is Cyclical Narrative, which is inherent in the very pattern described: Israel's sin leads to oppression, oppression leads to crying out, crying out leads to divine deliverance, which often leads back to sin. This recurring structure, pervasive throughout the book of Judges and summarized concisely in this verse, emphasizes a profound historical and theological truth about God's consistent interaction with His people. There is also a strong element of Contrast between Israel's consistent unfaithfulness and God's unwavering faithfulness. While Israel repeatedly rebels against their covenant Lord, God's character remains steadfastly just in discipline and infinitely merciful in deliverance. Furthermore, the phrase "manifold mercies" functions as a powerful Hyperbole or Intensification, underscoring the immeasurable depth and breadth of God's compassion, which far exceeds human expectation or deserving. The portrayal of God hearing "from heaven" also uses Anthropomorphism, attributing human-like action (hearing) to God, making His divine attentiveness relatable and immediate.

THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS

Nehemiah 9:27 profoundly illustrates the tension and harmony between God's justice and His mercy, a foundational theological concept throughout Scripture. It reveals that God's discipline is not punitive abandonment but a loving, pedagogical act designed to bring His people to repentance and reliance on Him. His willingness to "deliver them into the hand of their enemies" underscores His sovereignty over all nations and His use of even hostile forces to achieve His redemptive purposes. Yet, His "manifold mercies" triumph, demonstrating that His compassion is the ultimate driving force behind His interaction with humanity. This verse beautifully encapsulates the covenant relationship: even when Israel breaks the covenant, God's faithfulness (hesed) remains, prompting Him to act as Deliverer when His people humbly seek Him. This pattern foreshadows the ultimate need for a perfect Deliverer who would break the cycle of sin permanently, a salvation that would transcend mere temporal rescue.

REFLECTION AND APPLICATION

Nehemiah 9:27 offers timeless encouragement and a sober warning for believers today. It reminds us that our God is both just and merciful, and His character remains consistent across generations. When we, like ancient Israel, stray from His path, we may experience the natural, and sometimes divinely permitted, consequences of our choices, feeling "vexed" by various troubles, internal struggles, or external pressures. These difficulties are not necessarily signs of God's abandonment but can be His loving discipline, designed to draw us back into humble dependence and deeper relationship with Him. The profound hope in this verse lies in God's immediate and compassionate response when we, in our trouble, genuinely "cry unto Him." He hears from heaven and, "according to His manifold mercies," provides deliverance. This deliverance may not always be a dramatic rescue from external circumstances, but often comes through renewed spiritual strength, divine wisdom, the timely counsel of others, or a profound shift in perspective that allows us to navigate our challenges with grace. Our responsibility is to recognize our need, confess our failings, and cry out to the God whose mercies are indeed manifold and new every morning.

Questions for Reflection

  • In what ways might God be allowing me to experience the consequences of my own choices or the brokenness of the world, and how can I discern His disciplinary hand in these circumstances?
  • How quickly do I turn to God in prayer when I am in "trouble," or do I first try to solve things on my own strength and wisdom?
  • How have I personally experienced God's "manifold mercies" in my own life, particularly during times when I felt least deserving of His grace?
  • Who or what are the "saviours" God might be raising up in my life or community today to bring deliverance, help, or spiritual guidance?

FAQ

Who are the "saviours" mentioned in Nehemiah 9:27?

Answer: The "saviours" (Hebrew: moshi'im) mentioned in Nehemiah 9:27 specifically refer to the Judges whom God raised up during a particular period of Israel's history, as chronicled in the biblical Book of Judges. These individuals, such as Othniel, Ehud, Deborah, Gideon, Jephthah, and Samson, were divinely appointed and empowered leaders who delivered Israel from foreign oppressors when the people cried out to God in their distress. They were not kings or prophets in the traditional sense, but charismatic figures who served as temporary military and spiritual deliverers, demonstrating God's active involvement in the lives of His people and His commitment to their rescue.

Why did God "deliver" His people into the hands of their enemies? Was this a punishment?

Answer: The phrase "thou deliveredst them into the hand of their enemies" indicates God's sovereign permission and active involvement in the consequences of Israel's actions. It was not arbitrary punishment but a form of divine discipline, designed to restore rather than destroy. Throughout the Old Testament, particularly in the book of Judges, Israel repeatedly turned away from God to worship idols and engage in unrighteousness, breaking their covenant vows. As a result, God would lift His protective hand, allowing foreign nations to oppress them. This oppression served as a painful consequence designed to bring Israel to repentance, to humble them, and to remind them of their covenant with God and their utter dependence on Him. It was a disciplinary measure aimed at restoration and spiritual renewal, demonstrating God's justice intertwined with His profound desire for His people's return to Him.

CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT

Nehemiah 9:27, with its poignant portrayal of God raising up "saviours" in response to Israel's desperate cries, finds its ultimate and perfect fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The Judges of the Old Testament were temporary, flawed deliverers who could only offer physical, temporal salvation from external enemies, and the cyclical pattern of sin and oppression would inevitably repeat. However, Jesus is the definitive and eternal "Saviour" (Greek: Soter), the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. Where the Old Testament saviours delivered Israel from physical bondage, Christ delivers humanity from the spiritual bondage of sin and death, which is the root cause of all human vexation, trouble, and separation from God. His sacrificial death on the cross was the ultimate expression of God's "manifold mercies," a once-for-all act of grace that broke the cycle of sin, suffering, and temporary deliverance. When we, in our spiritual distress and recognition of our sin, "cry out" to God through faith in Christ, He hears us not merely from heaven, but through the perfect intercession of His Son, who has already secured our eternal salvation and continues to deliver us from the power of sin and darkness, leading us into His glorious kingdom, as profoundly declared in Colossians 1:13-14. He is the Saviour who saves completely and eternally, bringing true and lasting peace.

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Commentary on Nehemiah 9 verses 4–38

I. II. Main points1. 2. Sub-points

We have here an account how the work of this fast-day was carried on. 1. The names of the ministers that were employed. They are twice named (Neh 9:4, Neh 9:5), only with some variation of the names. Either they prayed successively, according to that rule which the apostle gives (Co1 14:31, You may all prophesy one by one), or, as some think, there were eight several congregations at some distance from each other, and each had a Levite to preside in it. 2. The work itself in which they employed themselves. (1.) They prayed to God, cried to him with a loud voice (Neh 9:4), for the pardon of the sins of Israel and God's favour to them. They cried aloud, not that God might the better hear them, as Baal's worshippers, but that the people might, and to excite their fervency. (2.) They praised God; for the work of praise is not unseasonable on a fast-day; in all acts of devotion we must aim at this, to give unto God the glory due to his name. The summary of their prayers we have here upon record; whether drawn up before, as a directory to the Levites what to enlarge on, or recollected after, as the heads of what they had in prayer enlarged upon, is uncertain. Much more no doubt was said than is here recorded, else confessing and worshipping God would not have taken up a fourth part of the day, much less two-fourths.

In this solemn address to God we have,

I. An awful adoration of God, as a perfect and glorious Being, and the fountain of all beings, Neh 9:5, Neh 9:6. The congregation is called upon to signify their concurrence herewith by standing up; and so the minister directs himself to God, Blessed be thy glorious name. God is here adored, 1. As the only living and true God: Thou art Jehovah alone, self-existent and independent; there is no God besides thee. 2. As the Creator of all things: Thou hast made heaven, earth, and seas, and all that is in them. The first article of our creed is fitly made the first article of our praises. 3. As the great Protector of the whole creation: "Thou preservest in being all the creatures thou hast given being to." God's providence extends itself to the highest beings, for they need it, and to the meanest, for they are not slighted by it. What God has made he will preserve; what he does is done effectually, Ecc 3:14. 4. As the object of the creatures' praises: "The host of heaven, the world of holy angels, worshippeth thee, Neh 9:6. But thy name is exalted above all blessing and praise; it needs not the praises of the creatures, nor is any addition made to its glory by those praises." The best performances in the praising of God's name, even those of the angels themselves, fall infinitely short of what it deserves. It is not only exalted above our blessing, but above all blessing. Put all the praises of heaven and earth together, and the thousandth part is not said of what might and should be said of the glory of God. Our goodness extendeth not to him.

II. A thankful acknowledgment of God's favours to Israel.

1.Many of these are here reckoned up in order before him, and very much to the purpose, for, (1.) We must take all occasions to mention the loving kindness of the Lord, and in every prayer give thanks. (2.) When we are confessing our sins it is good to take notice of the mercies of God as the aggravations of our sins, that we may be the more humbled and ashamed, and call ourselves by the scandalous name of ungrateful. (3.) When we are seeking to God for mercy and relief in the time of distress it is an encouragement to our faith and hope to look back upon our own and our fathers' experiences: "Lord, thou hast done well for us formerly; shall it be all undone again? Art not thou the same God still?"

2.Let us briefly observe the particular instances of God's goodness to Israel here recounted. (1.) The call of Abraham, Neh 9:7. God's favour to him was distinguishing: "Thou didst choose him." His grace in him was powerful to bring him out of Ur of the Chaldees, and, in giving him the name of Abraham, he put honour upon him as his own and assured him that he should be the father of many nations. Look unto Abraham your father (Isa 51:2) and see free grace glorified in him. (2.) The covenant God made with him to give the land of Canaan to him and his seed, a type of the better country, Neh 9:8. And this covenant was sure, for God found Abraham's heart faithful before God, and found it so because he made it so (for faith is not of ourselves, it is the gift of God), and therefore performed his words; for with the upright he will show himself upright, and wherever he finds a faithful heart he will be found a faithful God. (3.) The deliverance of Israel out of Egypt, Neh 9:9-11. It was seasonable to remember this now that they were interceding for the perfecting of their deliverance out of Babylon. They were then delivered, in compassion to their affliction, in answer to their cry, and in resistance of the pride and insolence of their persecutors. Wherein they dealt proudly, God showed himself above them (Exo 18:11), and so got himself a name; for he said, I will get me honour upon Pharaoh. Even to this day the name of God is glorified for that wonderful work. It was done miraculously: signs and wonders were shown for the effecting of it; their deliverance was the destruction of their enemies; they were thrown into the deeps, as irrecoverably as a stone into the mighty waters. (4.) The conducting of them through the wilderness, by the pillar of cloud and fire, which showed them which way they should go, when they should remove, and when and where they should rest, directed all their stages and all their steps, Neh 9:12. It was also a visible token of God's presence with them, to guide and guard them. They mention this again (Neh 9:19), observing that though they had by their sins provoked God to withdraw from them, and leave them to wander and perish in the by-paths of the wilderness, yet in his manifold mercy he continued to lead them, and took not away the pillar of cloud and fire, Neh 9:19. When mercies, though forfeited, are continued, we are bound to be doubly thankful. (5.) The plentiful provision made for them in the wilderness, that they might not perish for hunger: Thou gavest them bread from heaven, and water out of the rock (Neh 9:15), and, to hold up their hearts, a promise that they should go in and possess the land of Canaan. They had meat and drink, food convenient in the way, and the good land at their journey's end; what would they more? This also is repeated (Neh 9:20, Neh 9:21) as that which was continued, notwithstanding their provocations: Forty years didst thou sustain them. Never was people so long nursed and so tenderly; they were wonderfully provided for, and, in so long a time, their clothes waxed not old, and, though the way was rough and tedious, their feet swelled not; for they were carried as upon eagles' wings. (6.) The giving of the law upon Mount Sinai. This was the greatest favour of all that was done them and the greatest honour that was put upon them. The Lawgiver was very glorious, Neh 9:13. "Thou didst not only send, but camest down thyself, and didst speak with them," Deu 4:33. The law given was very good. No nation under the sun had such right judgments, true laws, and good statutes, Deu 4:8. The moral and judicial precepts were true and right, founded upon natural equity and the eternal reasons of good and evil; and even the ceremonial institutions were good, tokens of God's goodness to them and types of gospel grace. Particular notice is taken of the law of the fourth commandment as a great favour to them: Thou madest known unto them thy holy sabbath, which was a token of God's particular favour to them, distinguishing them from the nations who had revolted from God and quite lost that ancient part of revealed religion, and was likewise a means of keeping up their communion with him. And, with the law and the sabbath, he gave his good Spirit to instruct them, Neh 9:20. Besides the law given on Mount Sinai, the five books of Moses, which he wrote as he was moved by the Holy Ghost, were constant instructions to them, particularly the book of Deuteronomy, in which God's Spirit by Moses instructed them fully. Bezaleel was filled with the Spirit of God (Exo 31:3), so was Joshua (Num 27:18), and Caleb had another spirit. (7.) The putting of them in possession of Canaan, that good land, kingdoms and nations, Neh 9:22. They were made so numerous as to replenish it (Neh 9:23) and so victorious as to be masters of it (Neh 9:24); the natives were given into their hands, that they might do with them as they would, set their feet, if they pleased, on the necks of their kings. Thus they gained a happy settlement, Neh 9:25. Look upon their cities, and you see them strong and well fortified. Look into their houses, and you find them fine and well furnished, filled with all sorts of rich goods. Take a view of the country, and you will say that you never saw such a fat land, so well stored with vineyards and oliveyards. All these they found made ready to their hands; so they delighted themselves in the gifts of God's great goodness. They could not wish to be more easy or happy than they were, or might have been, in Canaan, had it not been their own fault. (8.) God's great readiness to pardon their sins, and work deliverance for them, when they had by their provocations brought his judgments upon themselves. When they were in the wilderness they found him a God ready to pardon (Neh 9:17), a God of pardons (so the margin reads it), who had proclaimed his name as a God forgiving iniquity, transgression, and sin, who has power to forgive sin, is willing to forgive, and glories in forgiving. Though they forsook him, he did not forsake them, as justly he might have done, but continued his care of them and favour to them. Afterwards, when they were settled in Canaan and sold themselves by their sins into the hands of their enemies, upon their submission and humble request he gave them saviours (Neh 9:27), the judges, by whom God wrought many a great deliverance for them when they were on the brink of ruin. This he did, not for any merit of theirs, for their deserved nothing but ill, but according to his mercies, his manifold mercies. (9.) The admonitions and fair warnings he gave them by his servants the prophets. When he delivered them from their troubles he testified against their sins (Neh 9:28, Neh 9:29), that they might not misconstrue their deliverances as connivances at their wickedness. That which was designed in all the testimonies which the prophets bore against them was to bring them again to God's law, to lay their necks under its yoke, and walk by its rule. The end of our ministry is to bring people to God by bringing them to his law, not to bring them to ourselves by bringing them under any law of ours. This we have again (Neh 9:30): Thou testifiedst against them by thy Spirit in thy prophets. The testimony of the prophets was the testimony of the Spirit in the prophets, and it was the Spirit of Christ in them, Pe1 1:10, Pe1 1:11. They spoke as they were moved by the Holy Ghost, and what they said is to be received accordingly. God gave them his Spirit to instruct them (Neh 9:20), but, they not receiving that instruction, he did by his Spirit testify against them. If we will not suffer God's word to teach and rule us, it will accuse and judge us. God sends prophets, in compassion to his people (Ch2 36:15), that he may not send judgments. (10.) The lengthening out of his patience and the moderating of his rebukes: Many years did he forbear them (Neh 9:30), as loth to punish them, and waiting to see if they would repent; and, when he did punish them, he did not utterly consume them nor forsake them, Neh 9:31. Had he forsaken them they would have been utterly consumed; but he did not stir up all his wrath, for he designed their reformation, not their destruction. Thus do they multiply, thus do they magnify, the instances of God's goodness to Israel, and we should do in like manner, that the goodness of God, duly considered by us, may lead us to repentance, and overcome our badness. The more thankful we are for God's mercies the more humbled we shall be for our own sins.

III. Here is a penitent confession of sin, their own sins, and the sins of their fathers. The mention of these is interwoven with the memorials of God's favours, that God's goodness, notwithstanding their provocations, might appear the more illustrious, and their sins, notwithstanding his favours, might appear the more heinous. Many passages in this acknowledgment of sins and mercies are taken from Eze. 20:5-26, as will appear by comparing those verses with these; for the word of God is of use to direct us in prayer, and by what he says to us we may learn what to say to him.

1.They begin with the sins of Israel in the wilderness: They, even our fathers (so it might better be read), dealt proudly (though, considering what they were, and how lately they had come out of slavery, they had no reason to be proud), and hardened their necks, Neh 9:16. Pride is at the bottom of men's obstinacy and disobedience; they think it below them to bow their necks to God's yoke, and a piece of state to set up their own will in opposition to the will of God himself. (1.) There were two things which they did not duly give heed to, else they would not have done as they did: - The word of God they heard, but they did not hearken to God's commandments; and the works of God they saw, but they were not mindful of his wonders: had they duly considered them as miracles, they would have obeyed from a principle of faith and holy fear; had they duly considered them as mercies, they would have obeyed from a principle of gratitude and holy love. But, when men make no right use either of God's ordinances or of his providences, what can be expected from them? (2.) Two great sins are here specified; which they were guilty of in the wilderness - meditating a return, [1.] To Egyptian slavery, which, for the sake of the garlick and onions, they preferred before the glorious liberty of the Israel of God attended with some difficulty and inconvenience. In their rebellion they appointed a captain to return to their bondage, in distrust of God's power and contempt of his holy promise, Neh 9:17. [2.] To Egyptian idolatry: They made a molten calf, and were so sottish as to say, This is thy God.

2.They next bewail the provocations of their fathers after they were put in possession of Canaan. Though they were delighted themselves in God's great goodness, yet that would not prevail to keep them closely to him; for, nevertheless, they were disobedient (Neh 9:26) and wrought great provocations. For, (1.) They abused God's prophets, slew them because they testified against them to turn them to God (Neh 9:26), so returning the greatest injury for the greatest kindness. (2.) They abused his favours: After they had rest, they did evil again, Neh 9:28. They were not wrought upon either by their troubles or their deliverances out of trouble. Neither fear nor love would hold them to their duty.

3.They at length come nearer to their own day, and lament the sins which had brought those judgments upon them which they had long been groaning under and were now but in part delivered from: We have done wickedly (Neh 9:33): our kings, our princes, our priests, and our fathers, have all been guilty, and we in them, Neh 9:34. Two things they charge upon themselves and their fathers, as the cause of their troubles: - (1.) A contempt of the good law God had given them: They sinned against thy judgments, the dictates of divine wisdom, and the demands of divine sovereignty. Though they were told how much it would be for their own advantage to govern themselves by them, for, if a man do them, he shall live in them (Neh 9:29), yet they would not do them, and so, in effect, said that they would not live. They forsook their own mercies. This abridgment of the covenant, Do this and live, is taken from Eze 20:13, and is quoted, Gal 3:12, to prove that the law is not of faith; it was not them as it is now, Believe and live, yet they gave a withdrawing shoulder, so it is in the margin. They pretended to lay their shoulders under the burden of God's law, and put their shoulders to the work, but they proved withdrawing shoulders; they soon flew off, would not keep to it, would not abide by it. When it came, as we say, to the setting to, they shrunk back, and would not hear. They had a backsliding heart; and, though God by his prophets called them to return, they would not give ear, Neh 9:30. He stretched out his hands, but no man regarded. (2.) A contempt of the good land god had given them (Neh 9:35): "Our kings have not served thee in their kingdom, have not used their power for the support of religion; our people have not served thee in the use of the gifts of thy great goodness, and in that large and fat land which thou not only gavest them by thy grant, but gavest before them by the expulsion of the natives and the complete victories they obtained over them." Those that would not serve God in their own land were made to serve their enemies in a strange land, as was threatened, Deu 28:47, Deu 28:48. It is a pity that a good land should have bad inhabitants, but so it was with Sodom. Fatness and fulness often make men proud and sensual.

IV. Here is a humble representation of the judgments of God, which they had been and were now under.

1.Former judgments are remembered as aggravations of their sins, that they had not taken warning. In the days of the judges their enemies vexed them (Neh 9:27); and, when they did evil again, God did again leave them in the hand of their enemies, who could not have touched them if God had not given them up; but, when God left them, they got and kept dominion over them.

2.Their present calamitous state is laid before the Lord (Neh 9:36, Neh 9:37): We are servants this day. Free-born Israelites are enslaved, and the land which they had long held by a much more honourable tenure than grand sergeantry itself, even by immediate grant from the crown of heaven to them as a peculiar people above all people on the earth, they now held by as base a tenure as villenage itself, by, from, and under, the kings of Persia, whose vassals they were. A sad change! But see what work sin makes! They were bound to personal service: They have dominion over our bodies; they held all they had precariously, were tenants at will, and the land-tax that they paid was so great that it amounted even to a rack-rent; so that all the rents, issues, and profits, of their land did in effect accrue to the king, and it was as much as they could do to get a bare subsistence for themselves and their families out of it. This, they honestly own, was for their sins. Poverty and slavery are the fruits of sin; it is sin that brings us into all our distresses.

V. Here is their address to God under these calamities. 1. By way of request, that their trouble might not seem little, Neh 9:32. It is the only petition in all this prayer. The trouble was universal; it had come on their kings, princes, priests, prophets, fathers, and all their people; they had all shared in the sin (Neh 9:34), and now all shared in the judgment. It was of long continuance: From the time of the kings of Assyria, who carried the ten tribes captive, unto this day. "Lord, let it not all seem little and not worthy to be regarded, or not needing to be relieved." They do not prescribe to God what he shall do for them, but leave it to him, only desiring he would please to take cognizance of it, remembering that when he saw the affliction of his people in Egypt to be great he came down to deliver them, Exo 3:7, Exo 3:8. In this request they have an eye to God as one that is to be feared (for he is the great, the mighty, and the terrible, God), and as one that is to be trusted, for he is our God in covenant, and a God that keeps covenant and mercy. 2. By way of acknowledgment, notwithstanding, that really it was less than they deserved, Neh 9:33. They own the justice of God in all their troubles, that he had done them no wrong. "We have done wickedly in breaking thy laws, and therefore thou hast done right in bringing all these miseries upon us." Note, It becomes us, when we are under the rebukes of divine Providence, though ever so sharp and ever so long, to justify God and to judge ourselves; for he will be clear when he judgeth. Psa 51:4.

VI. Here is the result and conclusion of this whole matter. After this long remonstrance of their case was made they came at last to this resolution, that they would return to God and to their duty, and oblige themselves never to forsake God, but always to continue in their duty. "Because of all this, we make a sure covenant with God; in consideration of our frequent departures from God, we will now more firmly than ever bind ourselves to him. Because we have smarted so much for sin, we will now stedfastly resolve against it, that we may not any more withdraw the shoulder." Observe, 1. This covenant was made with serious consideration. It is the result of a chain of suitable thoughts, and so is a reasonable service. 2. With great solemnity. It was written, in perpetuam rei memoriam - that it might remain a memorial for all ages; it was sealed and left upon record, that it might be a witness against them if they dealt deceitfully. 3. With join consent: "We make it; we are all agreed in making it, and do it unanimously, that we may strengthen the hands one of another." 4. With fixed resolution: "It is a sure covenant, without reserving a power of revocation. It is what we will live and die by, and never go back from." A certain number of the princes, priests, and Levites, were chosen as the representatives of the congregation, to subscribe and seal it for and in the name of the rest. Now was fulfilled that promise concerning the Jews, that, when they returned out of captivity, they should join themselves to the Lord in a perpetual covenant (Jer 50:5), and that in Isa 44:5, that they should subscribe with their hand unto the Lord. He that bears an honest mind will not startle at assurances; nor will those that know the deceitfulness of their own hearts think them needless.

Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 4–38. Public domain.
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Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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