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Micah 3:11

“Complete Indictment and Final Destruction”· Micah 3:9–12Read in context
King James Version
The heads thereof judge for reward, and the priests thereof teach for hire, and the prophets thereof divine for money: yet will they lean upon the LORD, and say, Is not the LORD among us? none evil can come upon us.
KJV (with Strong's)
The heads H7218 thereof judge H8199 for reward H7810, and the priests H3548 thereof teach H3384 for hire H4242, and the prophets H5030 thereof divine H7080 for money H3701: yet will they lean H8172 upon the LORD H3068, and say H559, Is not the LORD H3068 among H7130 us? none evil H7451 can come H935 upon us.
Complete Jewish Bible
Her leaders sell verdicts for bribes, her cohanim teach for a price, her prophets divine for money - yet they claim to rely on ADONAI! "Isn't ADONAI here with us?" they say. "No evil can come upon us."
Berean Standard Bible
Her leaders judge for a bribe, her priests teach for a price, and her prophets practice divination for money. Yet they lean upon the LORD, saying, “Is not the LORD among us? No disaster can come upon us.”
American Standard Version
The heads thereof judge for reward, and the priests thereof teach for hire, and the prophets thereof divine for money: yet they lean upon Jehovah, and say, Is not Jehovah in the midst of us? no evil shall come upon us.
World English Bible Messianic
Her leaders judge for bribes, and her priests teach for a price, and her prophets of it tell fortunes for money: yet they lean on the LORD, and say, “Isn’t the LORD in the midst of us? No disaster will come on us.”
Geneva Bible (1599)
The heads thereof iudge for rewardes, and the Priestes thereof teache for hyre, and the prophets thereof prophecie for money: yet wil they leane vpon the Lord, and say, Is not the Lord among vs? no euill can come vpon vs.
Young's Literal Translation
Her heads for a bribe do judge, And her priests for hire do teach, And her prophets for silver divine, And on Jehovah they lean, saying, `Is not Jehovah in our midst? Evil doth not come in upon us.'
Translation
In the KJVVerse 22,620 of 31,102 · 72.7%

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Summary

Micah 3:11 starkly exposes the deep-seated corruption within Judah's leadership—its civic rulers, religious priests, and prophetic seers—who brazenly perverted justice and divine instruction for personal financial gain. Despite their egregious mercenary practices, these officials maintained a dangerous self-deception, presuming upon God's presence among them and falsely believing themselves immune from any divine judgment or calamity. This verse serves as a powerful indictment of hypocrisy and a warning against the perilous illusion of security apart from genuine righteousness.

Context

Literary Context

Micah 3:11 is situated within the first major section of Micah's prophecy (chapters 1-3), which primarily delivers pronouncements of judgment against both Samaria (the capital of the Northern Kingdom) and Jerusalem (the capital of the Southern Kingdom, Judah). Following a lament over the moral decay (Micah 2), chapter 3 specifically targets the corrupt leaders, prophets, and priests of Judah. Micah 3:9-10 condemns their violent and unjust actions, particularly their building of Zion with bloodshed and iniquity. Verse 11 then details the specific mercenary motives driving these leaders, setting the stage for the climactic and devastating prophecy in Micah 3:12, where Zion is foretold to become a plowed field. The verse thus functions as a direct indictment, explaining why such severe judgment is imminent.

Historical & Cultural Context

The prophet Micah ministered in Judah during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (approximately 735-700 BC). This period was characterized by significant social unrest, economic disparity, and spiritual decline. While outward religious observance might have continued, the inner core of justice and righteousness had eroded. The "heads" (civic leaders/judges), "priests," and "prophets" were divinely appointed roles intended to uphold God's law, administer justice, and communicate divine truth. However, in Micah's day, these crucial societal pillars had become instruments of oppression and self-enrichment. Bribery was rampant in the judicial system, priestly teaching was commodified, and prophetic utterances were bought and sold, reflecting a profound moral decay that permeated all levels of society, from the top down.

Key Themes

Micah 3:11 powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within the book of Micah. Firstly, it highlights the theme of Widespread Corruption and Injustice, demonstrating how the very institutions meant to uphold righteousness had become its greatest perverters. The detailed indictment of leaders, priests, and prophets underscores the comprehensive nature of Judah's moral failure. Secondly, the verse exposes Religious Hypocrisy and False Security, as those who engaged in flagrant sin simultaneously claimed God's presence and protection. Their declaration, "Is not the LORD among us? none evil can come upon us," reveals a dangerous theological distortion, a belief that outward affiliation or the presence of the Temple guaranteed immunity from judgment, regardless of their actions. This stands in stark contrast to God's consistent demand for justice and righteousness, as seen in passages like Amos 5:24 or Isaiah 1:16-17. Finally, it foreshadows the theme of Impending Divine Judgment, as such deep-seated corruption inevitably provokes God's righteous wrath, leading to the severe consequences detailed in the subsequent verses and chapters of Micah.

Exposition and Analysis

Key Word Analysis

reward shachad' H7810

From an unused root meaning to bribe, this term refers to a donation that is either venal (corrupt) or redemptive. In Micah 3:11, it clearly signifies a bribe, highlighting that the "heads" or civic leaders were perverting justice by accepting payments in exchange for favorable rulings, rather than judging impartially according to God's law. This practice undermined the very foundation of societal order and fairness.

hire mᵉchîyr' H4242

Derived from an unused root meaning "to buy," this word denotes a price, payment, or wages. Here, it specifically refers to the payment received by the priests for their teaching. Instead of faithfully instructing the people in God's Torah out of devotion and duty, their primary motivation had become financial gain, turning sacred instruction into a commodity.

lean shâʻan' H8172

A primitive root meaning "to support one's self," "to rely," or "to rest upon." In this context, it describes the false confidence of the corrupt leaders. Despite their wicked practices, they presumptuously "lean upon the LORD," implying a superficial and misplaced trust in God's presence among them, without any corresponding obedience or faithfulness to His commands. This reveals a profound spiritual delusion.

Verse Breakdown

"The heads thereof judge for reward"

This clause indicts the civil and judicial leaders of Judah. The "heads" (or chiefs) who were responsible for administering justice and governing the people were instead accepting bribes ("reward," shachad), thereby perverting the legal system and denying true justice to the vulnerable. Their rulings were not based on righteousness but on personal financial gain.

"and the priests thereof teach for hire"

This condemns the religious leaders—the priests—whose sacred duty was to instruct the people in God's law (the Torah). However, their teaching had become mercenary, motivated by "hire" (mᵉchîyr), indicating that they were selling their services or tailoring their instruction to benefit those who paid them, rather than faithfully proclaiming God's uncompromised truth.

"and the prophets thereof divine for money"

This exposes the corruption among the prophets, who were meant to be God's direct spokespersons. Instead of receiving and delivering divine messages, they were "divining" (qâçam, often associated with pagan divination or illicit means) for "money" (keçeph, silver), suggesting that their prophecies were fabricated or manipulated to please their paying clients, rather than being authentic revelations from the LORD.

"yet will they lean upon the LORD, and say, Is not the LORD among us?"

This segment highlights the profound hypocrisy and self-deception of these corrupt leaders. Despite their flagrant disobedience and mercenary practices, they maintained a presumptuous "lean" (shâʻan) upon God. They rhetorically questioned, "Is not the LORD among us?", believing that God's mere presence (perhaps symbolized by the Temple in Jerusalem) guaranteed their safety and favor, irrespective of their unrighteous conduct.

"none evil can come upon us."

This final clause reveals their dangerous sense of false security. Based on their distorted understanding of God's covenant and presence, they confidently declared themselves immune from any "evil" (raʻ), meaning calamity, judgment, or disaster. They believed their status or the city's sanctity provided an impenetrable shield, ignoring the conditional nature of God's blessings and the certainty of judgment for persistent sin.

Literary Devices

Micah 3:11 is rich in literary devices that amplify its message of condemnation. The most prominent is Parallelism, specifically Synonymous Parallelism, as the three clauses describing the heads, priests, and prophets follow a similar structure, each detailing a corrupt professional group acting for financial gain. This repetition emphasizes the pervasive nature of the corruption across all levels of leadership. There is also profound Irony and Hypocrisy at play: those who claim God's presence and protection are precisely the ones actively undermining His justice and truth. Their rhetorical question, "Is not the LORD among us?", serves as a powerful instance of Rhetorical Question, not seeking information but expressing a deluded conviction, which the prophet then implicitly refutes through his subsequent pronouncements of judgment. The entire verse functions as a stark Juxtaposition between the leaders' wicked actions and their arrogant, misplaced confidence in divine immunity, highlighting the chasm between their self-perception and God's righteous standard.

Theological and Thematic Connections

Micah 3:11 profoundly addresses the theological implications of a covenant people who have abandoned their ethical and spiritual responsibilities. It underscores that God's presence is not an automatic guarantee of blessing or immunity from judgment when His people are living in flagrant disobedience and injustice. True relationship with God demands righteousness and adherence to His commands, particularly in how justice is administered and how spiritual truth is conveyed. The verse exposes the dangerous theology of presumption, where outward religious affiliation replaces genuine inward transformation and obedience. It teaches that God's character is one of holiness and justice, and He will not tolerate the perversion of His name or His institutions for selfish gain.

Reflection and Application

Micah 3:11 serves as a timeless mirror reflecting the dangers of spiritual and moral decay, offering crucial insights for contemporary society and the church. It challenges us to scrutinize the motives of those in leadership, whether political, religious, or corporate, ensuring that their actions are driven by integrity and service rather than by personal gain or self-interest. For individuals, it's a powerful reminder that genuine faith is not merely an intellectual assent or an outward affiliation, but a transformative commitment that impacts our ethics, our pursuit of justice, and our submission to God's will. We are called to examine our own hearts, ensuring that our trust in God is rooted in humble obedience and not in a presumptuous belief that His favor is unconditional, regardless of our conduct. The verse compels us to cultivate discernment, to test teachings and leaders against the plumb line of God's Word, and to actively pursue righteousness and justice in all spheres of life, knowing that true security comes from walking faithfully with the LORD.

Questions for Reflection

  1. How might we, individually or corporately, be tempted to "lean upon the LORD" while our actions contradict His character or commands?
  2. What are the contemporary equivalents of "judging for reward," "teaching for hire," or "divining for money" in our society or religious institutions?
  3. How can we cultivate genuine spiritual discernment to identify and resist leaders or teachings driven by self-interest rather than divine truth?
  4. In what ways might we harbor a false sense of security, believing "none evil can come upon us" despite unaddressed sin or injustice in our lives or communities?

FAQ

What does "lean upon the LORD" mean in this context?

In Micah 3:11, "lean upon the LORD" (Hebrew, shâʻan al Yᵉhôvâh) describes a superficial and presumptuous reliance. While "leaning upon the LORD" can signify humble trust and dependence (as in Proverbs 3:5), here it is used ironically and condemnatorily. It means that despite their rampant corruption—taking bribes, teaching for pay, and divining for money—these leaders still claimed a special relationship with God and expected His protection. They presumed upon God's covenant presence in Jerusalem, believing it would shield them from judgment, even though their actions directly violated His laws and character. It highlights a dangerous self-deception where outward religious association replaces genuine obedience and righteousness.

Why were the "heads," "priests," and "prophets" specifically targeted?

These three groups represented the primary pillars of leadership and authority in ancient Judah: the civic/judicial (heads), the religious/instructional (priests), and the spiritual/revelatory (prophets). They were divinely appointed to uphold justice, teach God's law, and communicate His will to the people. By targeting them, Micah demonstrates that corruption had permeated every level of society, from the highest echelons of power to the sacred offices. Their failure was particularly egregious because they were entrusted with the spiritual and moral well-being of the nation. Their perversion of justice and truth for personal gain was a direct affront to God's character and a betrayal of their sacred trust, leading to widespread societal decay and divine judgment, as seen in the broader prophetic warnings throughout Micah.

Christ-Centered Fulfillment

Micah 3:11, with its stark portrayal of corrupt leadership and false security, finds its ultimate fulfillment and resolution in Jesus Christ. The mercenary motives of Judah's leaders—judging for reward, teaching for hire, divining for money—stand in stark contrast to Christ, who did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life as a ransom for many (Mark 10:45). Unlike the priests who taught for hire, Jesus is the perfect, sinless High Priest who offered Himself as the ultimate sacrifice, not for personal gain, but for the redemption of humanity, interceding for us eternally (Hebrews 4:14-16). He is the true Prophet who speaks God's unadulterated truth, not for money, but as the very Word of God incarnate (John 1:1, John 14:6). The leaders' false reliance and declaration, "Is not the LORD among us? none evil can come upon us," is shattered by the reality that true security and God's presence are found only in Christ. He is "Immanuel," God with us, and in Him alone is there no condemnation for those who believe (Matthew 1:23, Romans 8:1). The judgment pronounced upon the corrupt leaders in Micah foreshadows the ultimate judgment against all sin, which Christ bore on the cross, offering a path to true peace and reconciliation with God.

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Public-domain commentary

Matthew Henry

From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Micah 3:8–12. His three-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.

1662–1714 · 5 verses
Passage under commentMicah 3:8–12
I. II. Main points1. 2. Sub-points(1.) (2.) Details

Here, I. The prophet experiences a divine power going along with him in his work, and he makes a solemn profession and protestation of it, as that which would justify him, and bear him out, in his plain dealing with the princes and rulers. He would not, he durst not, make thus bold with the great men, but that he was carried out to do it by a prophetical impulse and impression. It was not he that said it, but God by him, and he could not but speak the word that God put into his mouth. It comes in likewise by way of opposition to the false prophets, who were full of shame when they lived to see themselves proved liars, and who never had courage to deal faithfully with the people, but flattered them in their sins; they were sensual, not having the Spirit, but truly (says Micah) I am full of power by the Spirit of the Lord, Mic 3:8. Having in himself an assurance of the truth of what he said, he said it with assurance. Compare him with those false prophets, and you will say, There is no comparison between them. What is the chaff to the wheat? Jer 23:28. What is painted fire to real fire? Observe here, 1. What the qualifications were with which this prophet was endured: He was full of power, and of judgment, and of might; he had an ardent love to God and to the souls of men, a deep concern for his glory and their salvation, and a flaming zeal against sin. He had likewise courage to reprove it and witness against it, not fearing the wrath either of great men or of great multitudes; whatever difficulties or discouragements he met with, they did not deter him nor drive him from his work; none of these things moved him. And all this was guided by judgment and discretion; he was a man of wisdom as well as courage; in all his preaching there was light as well as heat, and a spirit of wisdom as well as of zeal. Thus was this man of God thoroughly furnished for every good word he had to say, and every good work he had to do. Those he preached to could not but perceive him to be full both of power and judgment, for they found both their understandings opened and their hearts made to burn within them, with such evidence and demonstration, and with such power, did the word come from him. 2. Whence he had these qualifications, not from and of himself, but he was full of power by the Spirit of the Lord. Knowing that it was indeed the Spirit of the Lord that was in him, and spoke by him, that it was a divine revelation that he delivered, he spoke it boldly, and as one having authority, set his face as a flint, knowing he should be justified and borne out in what he said, Isa 50:7, Isa 50:8. Note, Those who act honestly may act boldly; and those who are sure that they have a commission from God need not be afraid of opposition from men. Nay, he had not only a Spirit of prophecy, which was the ground of his boldness, but the Spirit of sanctification endued him with the boldness and wisdom which were requisite for him. It was not in any strength of his own that he was strong; for who is sufficient for these things? but in the Lord, and in the power of his might; for from him all our sufficiency is. Are we full of power at any time, for that which is good? It is purely by the Spirit of the Lord, for of ourselves we are weak as water; it is the God of Israel that gives strength and power both to his people and to his ministers. 3. What use he made of these qualifications - this judgment and this power; he declared to Jacob his transgression and to Israel his sin. If transgression be found in Jacob and Israel, they must be told of it, and it is the business of God's prophets to tell them of it, to cry aloud and not to spare, Isa 58:1. Those who come to hear the word of God must be willing to be told of their faults, and must not only give their ministers leave to deal plainly and faithfully with them, but take it kindly, and be thankful; but, since few have meekness enough to receive reproof, those have need of a great deal of boldness who are to give reproofs, and must pray for a spirit both of wisdom and might.

II.The prophet exerts this power in dealing with the heads of the house of Jacob, both the princes and the prophets, whom he had drawn up a high charge against in the former part of the chapter. He repeats the summons of their attendance and attention (Mic 3:9), the same that we had Mic 3:1, directing himself to the princes of the house of Israel, yet he means those of Judah; for it appears (Jer 26:18, Jer 26:19, where Mic 3:12 is quoted) that this was spoken in Hezekiah's kingdom; but, the ten tribes being gone into captivity, Judah is all that is now left of Jacob and Israel. The prophet speaks respectfully to them (hear, I pray you) and gives them their titles of heads and princes. Ministers must be faithful to great men in reproving them for their sins, but they must not be rude and uncivil to them. Now observe here,

1.The great wickedness that these heads of the house of Jacob were guilty of, princes, priest, and prophets; in short, they were covetous and prostituted their offices to their love of money. (1.) The princes abhorred all judgment; they would not be governed by any of its laws, either in their own practice or in passing sentence upon appeals made to them; they perverted all equity, and scorned to be under the direction or correction of justice, when it could not be made pliable to their secular interests. When, under pretence of doing right, they did the most palpable wrongs, then they perverted equity, and made it serve a purpose contrary to the intention of the founder of magistracy and fountain of power. It is laid to their charge (Mic 3:10) that they build up Zion with blood. "They pretend, in justification of their extortion and oppressions, that they build up Zion and Jerusalem; they add new streets and squares to the holy cities, and adorn them; they establish and advance the public interests both in church and state, and think that therein they do God and Israel good service. But it is with blood and with iniquity, and therefore it cannot prosper; nor will their intentions of good to the city of God justify their contradictions to the law of God." Those mistake who think that a burning zeal for holy church, and the propagating of the faith, will serve to consecrate robberies and murders, massacres and depredations; no, Zion's walls owe those no thanks that build them up with blood and iniquity. The sin of man works not the righteousness of God. "The office of the princes is to judge upon appeals made to them; but they judge for reward (Mic 3:11); they give judgment on the side of those that give the bribe; the most righteous cause shall not be carried without a fee, and for a fee the most unrighteous cause shall be carried." Miserable is the people's case when the judge's enquiry upon a cause is not, "What is to be done in it?" but, "What is to be got by it?" (2.) The priests' work was to teach the people, and for that the law had provided them a very honourable comfortable maintenance; but that will not content them, they teach for hire over and above, and will be hired to teach any thing, as an oracle of God, which they know will please and gain them an interest. (3.) The prophets, it should seem, had honorary fees given them by way of gratuity (Sa1 9:7, Sa1 9:8); but these prophets governed themselves in their prophesying by the prospect of temporal advantage and that was the main thing they had in their eye: They divine for money. Their tongues were mercenary; they would either prophesy or let it alone, according as they found it most for their advantage; and a man might have what oracle he would from them if he would but pay them for it. Thus they were fit successors of Balaam, who loved the wages of unrighteousness. Note, Though that which is wicked can never be consecrated by a zeal for the church, yet that which is sacred may be, and often is, desecrated, by the love of the world. When men do that which in itself is good, but do it for filthy lucre, it loses its excellency, and becomes an abomination both to God and man.

2.Their vain presumption and carnal confidence, notwithstanding: They lean upon the Lord, and because they are, in profession, his people, they think there is neither harm nor danger in these their wicked practices. Faith builds upon the Lord, rests in him, and relies upon him, as the soul's foundation; presumption only leans upon the Lord as a prop, makes use of him to serve a turn, while still the world is the foundation that is built upon. They speak with a great deal of confidence,

(1.)Of their honour: "Is not the Lord among us? Have we not the tokens of his presence with us, his temple, his ark, his lively oracles?" They are haughty because of the holy mountain and its dignities (Zep 3:11), as if their church-privileges would palliate the worst of practices, or as if God's presence with them were intended to make the priests and people rich with the sale of their performances. It was true that the Lord was among them by his ordinances, and this puffed them up with pride; but, if they imagined that he was among them by his favour and love, they were mistaken: but it is a cheat the children of men often put upon themselves to think they have God with them, when they have by their sin provoked him to depart from them.

(2.)They are confident of their own safety: No evil can come upon us. Many are rocked asleep; in a fatal security by their church-privileges, as if those would protect them in sin, and shelter them from punishment, which are really, and will be, the greatest aggravations both of their sin and of their punishment. If men's having the Lord among them will not restrain them from doing evil, it can never secure them from suffering evil for so doing; and it is very absurd for sinners to think that their impudence will be their impunity.

3.The doom passed upon them for their real wickedness, notwithstanding their imaginary protection (Mic 3:12): Therefore shall Zion for your sake be ploughed as a field. This is that passage which is quoted as a bold word spoken by Micah (Jer 26:18), which yet Hezekiah and his princes took well, though in another reign it might have gone near to cost him his head; nay, they repented and reformed, and so the execution of this threatening was prevented, and did not come in those days.

(1.)It is the ruin of holy places that is here foretold, places that had been highly honoured with the tokens of God's presence and the performances of his worship; it is Zion that shall be ploughed as a field, the building burnt to the ground and levelled with it. Some observe that this was literally fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, when the ground on which the city stood was ploughed up in token of its utter desolation, and that no city should be built upon that ground without the emperor's leave. Even Jerusalem, the holy city, shall become heaps of ruins, and the mountain of the house, on which the temple is built, shall be overgrown with briars and thorns, as the high places of the forest. If sacred places be polluted by sin, they must expect to be wasted and ruined by the judgments of God.

(2.)It is the wickedness of those who preside in them that brings the ruin: "It is for your sake that Zion shall be ploughed as a field; you pretend to build up Zion, but, doing it by blood and iniquity, you pull it down." Note, The sin of priests and princes is often the ruin of states and churches. Delirant reges, plectuntur Achivi - The kings act foolishly and the people suffer for it.

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Historical interpretation

Historical Reception

2 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.

2 quotes · AD 420
AD 420JeromePost-NiceneSourceCOMMENTARY ON MICAH 1:3.11
You are permitted, O priest, to “live,” not to luxuriate from the altar. “The mouth of the ox which treads out the corn is not muzzled.” Yet the apostle “abused not the liberty,” but “having food and raiment” was “thereby content,” laboring night and day that he “might not be chargeable to anybody.” And in his epistles he calls God to witness that he “lived reverently” and without avarice in the gospel of Christ. He asserts this too not of himself alone but of his disciples, that he had sent no one who would either ask or receive anything from the churches. But if in some epistles he expresses pleasure and calls the gifts of those who sent them the grace of God, he gathers not for himself but for the “poor saints at Jerusalem.” But these poor saints were those who of the Jews first believed in Christ and being cast out by parents, kinsmen and connections had lost their possessions and all their goods, the priests of the temple and the people destroying them. Let such poor receive. But if on plea of the poor a few houses are enriched and we eat in gold, glass and china, either let us with our wealth change our habit or let not the habit of poverty seek the riches of senators. What avails the habit of poverty while a whole crowd of poor longs for the contents of our purse? Wherefore, “for our sake” who are such, “who build up Zion with blood and Jerusalem by iniquity, who judge for gifts, give answers for rewards, divine for money,” and thereon claiming to ourselves a fictitious sanctity say, “Evil will not come upon us,” hear the sentence of the Lord which follows: “Zion and Jerusalem and the mountain of the temple”—that is, the temple of Christ—“shall” (in the consummation and the end, when “love shall grow cold” and the faith shall be rare) “be plowed as a field and become heaps as the high places of a forest,” so that where once were ample houses and countless ears of corn there should only be a poor cottage, keeping up the show of fruit which has no refreshment for the soul.
AD 420JeromePost-NiceneSourceCommentary on Micah
(Verse 9 onwards) Hear this, rulers of the house of Jacob, and judges of the house of Israel: you who abhor justice and pervert all that is right, who build Zion with bloodshed and Jerusalem with iniquity. Its rulers give judgment for a bribe, its priests teach for a fee, its prophets divine for money, yet they lean upon the Lord and say, 'Is not the Lord in the midst of us? No disaster shall come upon us.' Therefore because of you Zion shall be plowed as a field, Jerusalem shall become a heap of ruins, and the mountain of the house a wooded height. LXX: Hear this, you leaders (or judges) of the house of Jacob and the remnant of the house of Israel, who despise justice and pervert all that is right; who build Zion with bloodshed and Jerusalem with iniquity. Its leaders make judgments for a bribe, its priests teach for a price, and its prophets tell fortunes for money. Yet they lean upon the Lord and say, 'Is not the Lord in our midst? No disaster will come upon us.' Therefore, because of you, Zion will be plowed like a field, and Jerusalem will be a watchman's hut, and the mountain of the Lord will be a wooded hill. No one doubts that Jerusalem, because of the crimes described in this chapter, was overthrown, and that a warning had preceded to either the judges or the false prophets: Listen, leaders of the house of Jacob, and rulers of the house of Israel. And after a few verses: Thus says the Lord about the prophets who deceive my people, and the rest: now, generally and against the judges, and against the false prophets, and against the priests, and against those who promised themselves knowledge of God, the prophetic discourse is woven, and it accuses them that because of their crimes, Zion will be plowed like a field, and Jerusalem will collapse like a heap of stones, and the mountain of the temple will become a high forest. We see the fulfillment of what was said: the eloquence of the lips is proven by the eyes; the testimony of prophecy is seen. This very testimony is also written in the volume of Jeremiah (Jer. 26), where mention is made of the prophet Micah and the devastation of Jerusalem. The judges and rulers of the house of Jacob, and the house of Israel, that is, the twelve tribes, not only did not administer justice, but they abhorred it and twisted everything that was right, so that not even a little justice remained in the city. Those who built Zion with bloodshed and Jerusalem with iniquity, plundering the poor, killing the innocent, and slaying the saints. And if any of the princes seemed to judge what was right, they would sell their verdict, and they would judge based on bribes. The priests also did not teach the people unless they received payment; and when it is said to the holy ones, 'You have received for free, give for free' (Matt. X, 8), they, bringing forth money as payment, sold the grace of the Lord for a greedy wage. And after these evils, not understanding their sin, they would pretend to redeem the love of God with their wickedness, saying that they were judges, priests, and prophets of God, and according to their unrepentant heart they would say: The Lord is among us, and no evils will come upon us. Therefore, because they did not repent, and the entire people followed the vices of the leaders, priests, and prophets, Zion will be plowed like a field, and Jerusalem will become a heap of stones, and the temple, which once shone with gold and silver, will collapse into complete ruin. These things happened against the Jewish people, whose true captivity and extreme destruction, and not only because of previous crimes, but especially because of the shedding of the Lord's blood, were inflicted. Hence Zion was plowed like a field, and Jerusalem was turned into mounds of stones, and that once noble and towering temple was reduced to ashes. But if anyone applies these things that are said about Jerusalem and Zion to the Church (for it is indeed the house of Jacob and the house of Israel, according to what is written in Isaiah: 'Jacob, my servant, I will uphold him' - Isaiah 41:8), And that to Timothy: That you may know how you ought to conduct yourself in the house of God, which is the church (1 Tim. 3:15), this will clearly see that the rulers of the house of Jacob, and the rest from the house of Israel (or, as it is better written in Hebrew) the judges of the house of Israel, are none other than bishops, presbyters, and deacons, who, unless they diligently keep their hearts guarded, abhor judgment and overturn all that is right: for when they judge according to the person, and in the dispute of a case the merit of the cause does not hold, but the power of the offenders, do they not abhor judgment and pervert all that is right? But it can also be understood in another way, that the leaders of the house of Jacob and the judges of the house of Israel detest and reject judgment, turning away from the judgment of God and distorting every rule of the Scriptures with evil interpretations. These people build Zion with bloodshed and Jerusalem with wickedness. For when Scripture commands: 'Do not bring the wicked into the dwelling of the righteous' (Psalm 5), and the Lord abhors the man of bloodshed and deceit: whoever ordains clerics from among their followers and exposes their way of life as a scandal to the people, they are guilty of the unfaithfulness of those who are scandalized (Matthew 18). Where it is said to be expedient for a man, that a millstone be tied around his neck and be thrown into the depth, so as to scandalize one of the least of the Church. And when the prophet Malachi calls the priests angels (Malachi 2), and their mouth is the oracle of the Lord (Deuteronomy 19), they judge without accepting bribes, reading: Gifts blind even the eyes of the wise, and like a bridle on the mouth turn away reproof (Ecclesiasticus 20); and when it is said to the apostles: Do not possess gold, or silver, or brass in your belts (Matthew 10, 9): and let money earned even through labor be cast out of the hands of a holy man, they sell the words of the Lord, and buy doves in the temple. But even the prophets of Jerusalem practiced divination for money, not realizing that prophecy and divination are two different things: for divination is never regarded favorably in the Scriptures. 'There is no enchantment against Jacob, no divination against Israel,' says the augur (Num. 23:23). The prophets thought they were prophesying, but because they accepted money, their prophecy became divination. The Apostle Peter declared, 'Silver and gold I do not have' (Acts 3:6). He could have sold what Simon Magus was seeking, or he could have pretended to sell it (for the Holy Spirit cannot be bought or sold), but Peter condemned the money offered to him along with the offerer (Acts 8). Now you see that the prophets of Jerusalem do not have prophecy in their mouths; but they rest in the Lord and say: No evil will come upon us. Their cause, which is God's watchtower, is divided by the hostile plow; and the once peaceful place is filled with ruins, and the temple of the Lord is turned into thorns and thistles, and it becomes a dwelling place for beasts. Let no one be moved by what we read in the first book of Kings, when Saul wanted to go to Samuel and said to his servant that he could not go because he did not have the price to offer for the prophecy. And the servant replied: Behold, I have found in my hand a quarter of a shekel of money, and I will give it to the man of God, and he will tell us our way. For it is not written that Samuel received, or that they offered him, but rather they are fed by the prophet and invited to a meal. But let him receive, the stakes of the tabernacle are more to be valued than the gifts of prophecy. For a shekel is worth twenty obols, and a quarter shekel is worth five obols. And therefore, if our priests want to sell prophecy and offer doves in their chairs, which the Lord overturned with a whip (John 2), let them receive five obols, not the prices of villas. This is also stated in the third book of the Kings, when the wife of Jeroboam, her son being sick, goes to the man of God Achias, and brings him bread and raisins, and a little jar of honey (3 Kings 14). For it is said what she carried with her, and yet it is not written that the prophet received it: for even though he rebuked her and predicted the coming sorrow, those who were accustomed to go to soothsayers (because there were many diviners and soothsayers in Israel) could have mistakenly assumed the same about the prophets, and wished to offer to holy men what they were accustomed to offer to the gods, and to only recount what the prophets desired, without actually bringing what they themselves were either daring to offer or the prophets to receive. The Apostle Paul: Those who serve the altar, he says, partake of the altar and live by it (1 Corinthians 9:13). It is permitted for you, O priest, to live by the altar, not to indulge in luxury. The mouth of the ox that treads out the grain is not muzzled (ibid., 9). We know these things, and yet the Apostle does not abuse this permission: he is content with food and clothing. He labors night and day with his own hands so as not to be a burden to anyone. And he swears in his letters that he has lived in a holy and unselfish manner in the gospel of Christ, and not only of himself, but also of his disciples. He asserts that he has not sent anyone to ask for anything from the churches, nor has he desired to receive anything (1 Thessalonians 3). But if he rejoices in certain Epistles, and calls the gifts of those who send them the kindness of God, he does not collect them so much for himself as for the poor of the saints, who were in Jerusalem. But the holy poor, these were in Jerusalem, who first believed in Christ from the Jews, and were driven out by their parents and relatives, as well as by their affinities, wasting both possessions and all the furnishings of the temple, and had lost everything. If they are such poor people, let them receive. But if a few houses become enriched under the guise of the poor, and we eat gold with glass and clay dishes, or exchange treasures and clothing, or if a poor person does not seek the riches of senators in their attire. What profit is there in not having a linen cloth around the neck to wipe away sweat? What good is it to be a monk and prefer poverty in dress, when our purse is envied by the entire crowd of the poor? Because of this, the reason for our existence, we who are such, who build Zion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity, who judge for bribes, who answer for rewards, who divine in money, and claiming a false sanctity for ourselves, we say: No evil will come upon us. Let us heed the judgment of the Lord that follows: Zion and Jerusalem, and the mountain of the temple, a watchtower, and a vision of peace, and the temple of Christ in its fulfillment, and in the end, when charity grows cold, and faith becomes rare, as if a field were plowed and turned into mounds, and it will become a high forest or a keeper of fruits: so that where once there were spacious houses and countless heaps of grain, there will scarcely be a small hut preserving the appearance of food, providing nourishment for those who have none.
Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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