Matthew 21:29

KJV

He answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented, and went.

KJV (with Strong's)

He answered {G1161}{G611} and said {G2036}, I will {G2309} not {G3756}: but {G1161} afterward {G5305} he repented {G3338}, and went {G565}.

Complete Jewish Bible

He answered, `I don't want to'; but later he changed his mind and went.

Berean Standard Bible

‘I will not,’ he replied. But later he changed his mind and went.

American Standard Version

And he answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented himself, and went.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Matthew 21:29 is a pivotal verse within Jesus' Parable of the Two Sons, illustrating the first son's initial defiant refusal to obey his father's command to work in the vineyard, followed by a profound change of heart and subsequent, decisive obedience. This verse encapsulates the parable's core message: true righteousness is demonstrated not by outward profession or initial declarations, but by genuine repentance that leads to active obedience to God's will. It highlights the Father's valuing of a repentant heart that culminates in action over mere verbal assent.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Matthew 21:29 is embedded within the Parable of the Two Sons, which Jesus delivers in the Temple courts of Jerusalem during the final week of His earthly ministry. This parable immediately follows Jesus' Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem and His dramatic cleansing of the Temple, actions that provoked the chief priests and elders to question His authority ([Matthew 21:23](/matthew/21-23 "Matthew 21:23 - Jesus' Authority Questioned")). The parable serves as a direct response and indictment against these religious leaders who outwardly professed piety but inwardly rejected God's will. It is part of a series of parables (including the [Parable of the Wicked Tenants](/matthew/21-33-46 "Matthew 21:33-46 - The Parable of the Wicked Tenants") and the [Parable of the Wedding Feast](/matthew/22-1-14 "Matthew 22:1-14 - The Parable of the Wedding Feast")) that collectively expose the hypocrisy of the Jewish religious establishment and foreshadow their rejection of the Messiah and the subsequent opening of the kingdom to others.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** In ancient Israel, vineyards were a common agricultural enterprise and a potent symbol, often representing Israel itself or God's people ([Isaiah 5:7](/isaiah/5-7 "Isaiah 5:7 - The Vineyard of the Lord")). A father's command to his sons to work in the family vineyard would have been a normal expectation, reflecting the patriarchal structure of society where sons were expected to honor and obey their fathers, particularly in matters of livelihood. The setting in Jerusalem, specifically the Temple, underscores the confrontational nature of Jesus' teaching, as He directly addresses the religious authorities who prided themselves on their adherence to the Law but failed to produce the "fruit" of righteousness. The parable's audience, the chief priests and elders, would have immediately understood the cultural implications of a son's initial refusal and subsequent obedience or disobedience.
* **Key Themes:** This verse contributes significantly to several overarching themes in Matthew's Gospel and broader biblical theology. Firstly, it powerfully illustrates the theme of **True Obedience vs. Professed Obedience**. Jesus consistently critiques outward religious performance that lacks genuine heart-transformation, contrasting it with true righteousness that stems from an obedient spirit ([Matthew 7:21](/matthew/7-21 "Matthew 7:21 - Not Everyone Who Says 'Lord, Lord'")). Secondly, the phrase "afterward he repented" introduces the crucial theme of **The Power of Repentance**. This highlights God's valuing of a change of mind that leads to a change of action, emphasizing that one's past refusal does not preclude future acceptance if genuine repentance occurs ([Luke 3:8](/luke/3-8 "Luke 3:8 - Bearing Fruits Worthy of Repentance")). Finally, the parable underscores that **God Looks at the Heart and Deeds**, not just words. It aligns with Jesus' condemnation of hypocrisy, where outward appearances mask an unrighteous heart ([Matthew 23:27](/matthew/23-27 "Matthew 23:27 - Woes Against Hypocrisy")), stressing that God desires sincere action born out of a transformed will.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **answered (Greek, _apokrínomai'_ G611) and said (Greek, _épō'_ G2036):** The combination of these two verbs emphasizes the son's direct and deliberate verbal response. _Apokrínomai_ implies a conclusion or decision made for oneself, leading to a response, while _épō_ is a general verb for speaking or saying. Together, they highlight the son's conscious and articulate defiance, "I will not." This initial declaration sets up the dramatic contrast with his later actions.
* **not (Greek, _ou'_ G3756):** This is the absolute negative particle in Greek, conveying a definitive and emphatic refusal. It signifies a complete rejection of the father's command, leaving no room for ambiguity. The son's "I will not" is a firm, unambiguous statement of disobedience.
* **repented (Greek, _metaméllomai'_ G3338):** Derived from _metá_ (after) and _mélō_ (to care), this word literally means "to care afterwards" or "to have a change of care/concern." It denotes regret, remorse, or a change of mind. Crucially, in this context, it is a change of mind that directly leads to a change in behavior, distinguishing it from mere sorrow without action. It signifies a turning from his initial defiant stance to a new resolve.
* **went (Greek, _apérchomai'_ G565):** This verb means "to go off," "depart," or "go away." It signifies the physical act of setting out and performing the task. Following the son's repentance, this word confirms his decisive and active obedience. It is the concrete evidence of his changed mind, demonstrating that his repentance was genuine and effective.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"He answered and said, I will not:"** This clause establishes the first son's initial, direct, and defiant refusal to obey his father's command. His verbal declaration is a clear act of rebellion, expressing an unwillingness to submit to authority or fulfill his duty. It sets the stage for the contrast that follows, highlighting the chasm between his words and the father's desire.
* **"but afterward he repented,"** This crucial phrase marks the turning point. Despite his initial insolence, the son experiences a change of mind, a deep regret or remorse over his refusal. This "repentance" (metaméllomai) is not merely an emotional feeling but a shift in his will and intention, prompting him to reconsider his actions. It underscores the possibility of a change of heart, even after an initial stumble.
* **"and went."** This final clause describes the son's ultimate action, which is one of obedience. His repentance was not just internal; it manifested in concrete behavior. He did what his father asked, demonstrating that his change of mind was genuine and led to the desired outcome. This action is the true measure of his response to his father's will, contrasting sharply with his earlier words.

#### Literary Devices
The Parable of the Two Sons, of which Matthew 21:29 is a central part, is itself a powerful **Parable**, a short allegorical story designed to teach a moral or spiritual lesson. Within this parable, there is clear **Symbolism**: the "vineyard" represents God's work, kingdom, or the sphere of His will, while the "father" symbolizes God Himself. The "two sons" represent different groups of people in their response to God's call. The verse showcases a stark **Contrast** between the first son's initial verbal refusal and his subsequent active obedience. This juxtaposition highlights the central message that actions speak louder than words, and that genuine repentance is demonstrated through a change in behavior. There is also an element of **Irony**, as the son who initially says "no" ultimately does the father's will, while the son who says "yes" does not, subverting expectations and challenging the audience's preconceived notions of righteousness.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Matthew 21:29 profoundly illustrates the biblical truth that God values genuine, active obedience over mere verbal profession or outward show. The first son's journey from defiance to repentance and obedience mirrors the path many are called to walk: an initial resistance to God's will, followed by a change of heart that leads to a life aligned with His commands. This verse underscores that true faith is not passive assent but an active commitment demonstrated through deeds. It challenges the notion that religious words or affiliations are sufficient without corresponding actions, emphasizing that God looks beyond superficial declarations to the heart's true disposition and the fruit it produces. The parable's application to the chief priests and elders, who outwardly claimed to serve God but rejected His Son, serves as a timeless warning against hypocrisy and self-deception in spiritual matters.

* [Isaiah 5:7](/isaiah/5-7 "Isaiah 5:7 - The Vineyard of the Lord")
* [Luke 3:8](/luke/3-8 "Luke 3:8 - Bearing Fruits Worthy of Repentance")
* [James 2:17](/james/2-17 "James 2:17 - Faith Without Works Is Dead")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Matthew 21:29 offers a powerful mirror for self-reflection, challenging us to examine the authenticity of our obedience to God. It prompts us to consider whether our "yes" to God is truly backed by action, or if our initial reluctance is overcome by a genuine change of heart that leads to submission. This verse provides hope and encouragement, demonstrating that it is never too late to repent and turn towards God's will, even after initial resistance or disobedience. God values the journey of repentance that culminates in active obedience. It reminds us that God is less concerned with our perfect track record than with our willingness to turn when we realize our error and to follow through with what He asks. Our faith is not merely a set of beliefs but a dynamic relationship that calls for ongoing, active response to God's leading.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what areas of my life have I been quick to say "yes" to God but slow to act, or conversely, initially resistant but later obedient?**
* **What does "repentance" truly look like in my daily life, beyond just feeling regret? How does it lead to tangible change?**
* **How does this parable challenge my understanding of what it means to be truly righteous in God's eyes?**
* **Am I more concerned with outward appearances and verbal declarations, or with genuine, heartfelt obedience that produces fruit?**

### FAQ
**What is the main point of the Parable of the Two Sons?**

Answer: The main point of the Parable of the Two Sons, of which Matthew 21:29 is a key part, is to illustrate that true righteousness and acceptance by God are demonstrated not by verbal profession or outward religious observance, but by genuine repentance that leads to active obedience to God's will. Jesus uses it to highlight the hypocrisy of the religious leaders who claimed to obey God but rejected His message, contrasting them with those (like tax collectors and prostitutes) who initially resisted but later repented and believed ([Matthew 21:31-32](/matthew/21-31-32 "Matthew 21:31-32 - The Parable's Application")).

**What is the difference between *metamelomai* (repentance in Matthew 21:29) and *metanoia*?**

Answer: While both Greek words relate to "repentance," they carry distinct nuances. _Metamelomai_ (μεταμέλομαι), used in Matthew 21:29, refers to a change of mind, regret, or remorse that often leads to a change in action. It signifies a shift in one's immediate intention or feeling about a past action. For example, Judas experienced _metamelomai_ after betraying Jesus ([Matthew 27:3](/matthew/27-3 "Matthew 27:3 - Judas's Remorse")), but it did not lead to saving faith. _Metanoia_ (μετάνοια), on the other hand, is a deeper, more comprehensive theological term for repentance. It implies a fundamental change of heart, mind, and direction—a complete turning away from sin and towards God, leading to a transformed life. This is the repentance preached by John the Baptist ([Matthew 3:8](/matthew/3-8 "Matthew 3:8 - Fruits of Repentance")) and Jesus ([Matthew 4:17](/matthew/4-17 "Matthew 4:17 - Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven Is at Hand")), which results in salvation. In Matthew 21:29, the son's _metamelomai_ is effective because it *leads* to the action of going, demonstrating that a change of mind can indeed result in genuine obedience.

**Who do the two sons represent in the parable?**

Answer: In the context of Jesus' confrontation with the chief priests and elders, the two sons represent different groups of people in relation to God's will. The first son, who initially says "no" but later "went," represents those who were initially considered outsiders or sinners (like tax collectors and prostitutes) but who, upon hearing Jesus' message, repented and believed, entering the kingdom of God. The second son, who says "yes" but does not "go," represents the religious leaders (chief priests and elders) and outwardly pious individuals who professed to obey God's law but ultimately rejected Jesus and His call to genuine repentance and obedience ([Matthew 21:31-32](/matthew/21-31-32 "Matthew 21:31-32 - The Parable's Application")).

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Matthew 21:29, with its emphasis on obedience and repentance, finds its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ. He is the perfect Son who always did the Father's will, never saying "no" but consistently demonstrating unwavering obedience, even to the point of death on a cross ([Philippians 2:8](/philippians/2-8 "Philippians 2:8 - Christ's Obedience to Death")). Unlike the first son's initial defiance, Jesus perfectly embodied submission to God's plan, declaring, "Not my will, but yours be done" ([Luke 22:42](/luke/22-42 "Luke 22:42 - Jesus in Gethsemane")). Furthermore, the parable's message of repentance leading to acceptance points directly to Christ's redemptive work. Through His sacrifice, Jesus makes it possible for all who, like the first son, may have initially rejected God's call, to experience true repentance (_metanoia_) and be reconciled to the Father. He is the one who calls sinners to repentance ([Mark 2:17](/mark/2-17 "Mark 2:17 - Jesus Calls Sinners")), offering forgiveness and the power to obey. Thus, the parable not only highlights the nature of true obedience but also foreshadows the grace offered through Christ, enabling a repentant heart to "go" and do the Father's will, a work made possible only through the power of His Spirit ([John 14:15](/john/14-15 "John 14:15 - If You Love Me, Keep My Commandments")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Ezekiel 18:28

Because he considereth, and turneth away from all his transgressions that he hath committed, he shall surely live, he shall not die.

Ezekiel 18:32

For I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth, saith the Lord GOD: wherefore turn [yourselves], and live ye.

Luke 15:17

And when he came to himself, he said, How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough and to spare, and I perish with hunger!

Luke 15:18

I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee,

2 Chronicles 33:10

And the LORD spake to Manasseh, and to his people: but they would not hearken.

2 Chronicles 33:19

His prayer also, and [how God] was intreated of him, and all his sin, and his trespass, and the places wherein he built high places, and set up groves and graven images, before he was humbled: behold, they [are] written among the sayings of the seers.

1 Corinthians 6:11

And such were some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God.