Luke 20:22

In Luke 20:22, we encounter a pivotal moment where Jesus is confronted with a cunning question designed to trap Him. The query, "Is it lawful for us to give tribute unto Caesar, or no?", highlights the immense tension of the time and sets the stage for one of Jesus' most profound teachings on divine and earthly authority.

Historical and Cultural Context

Judea in the 1st century AD was under the direct rule of the Roman Empire, and Caesar (specifically Tiberius at this time) was the reigning emperor. The "tribute" mentioned here refers to the Roman poll tax, a significant financial burden levied on all adult subjects. This tax was not merely an economic issue; it was deeply resented by many Jews for several reasons:

• It symbolized their subjugation to a foreign, pagan power, undermining their national and religious sovereignty.
• The coin used for the tax, typically a denarius, often bore the image of Caesar and blasphemous inscriptions declaring him divine, which was offensive to the monotheistic Jewish faith.
• Jewish nationalist groups, particularly the Zealots, vehemently opposed paying this tax, considering it a betrayal of God's exclusive rule over Israel.

The question was posed by "spies" sent by the chief priests and scribes (Luke 20:20), who feigned sincerity but sought to catch Jesus in His words. A "yes" would alienate Him from the Jewish populace who hated Roman rule, while a "no" would be seditious, providing grounds for His arrest by Roman authorities.

Key Themes and Messages

• The Wisdom of Jesus: This verse perfectly illustrates Jesus' unparalleled wisdom and discernment in navigating a seemingly impossible dilemma. He avoids both political rebellion and religious compromise, setting up His famous response.
• Divine vs. Earthly Authority: The question forces a consideration of where ultimate allegiance lies. Jesus' response (in the subsequent verses) establishes a foundational principle for believers regarding their dual citizenship – in God's kingdom and in the earthly realm.
• Navigating Societal Obligations: The query touches upon the practical challenge of how believers should interact with and submit to governing authorities, even those that may be oppressive or pagan.

Linguistic Insights

The KJV term "tribute" accurately translates the Greek word phoros (φόρος), which refers specifically to a poll tax or impost, especially one levied by a superior power. It distinguishes it from other forms of taxes or customs duties. The question itself is framed in a way that seeks a simple "yes" or "no" answer, highlighting the directness of the trap laid for Jesus.

Related Scriptures

This critical encounter is also recorded in the other Synoptic Gospels, emphasizing its importance in Jesus' ministry. You can find parallel accounts in Matthew 22:17 and Mark 12:14. The broader New Testament teaching on submission to governing authorities can be explored in Romans 13:7, where Paul instructs believers to "render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due," and also in 1 Peter 2:13-17.

Practical Application

For believers today, the question posed in Luke 20:22 and Jesus' subsequent answer provide timeless guidance:

• We are called to honor both God and the governing authorities He has permitted to be in place, even when those authorities are imperfect or challenging.
• Discerning between our spiritual allegiance and civil responsibilities is crucial. Our ultimate loyalty belongs to God, but this does not negate our duties as citizens, including paying taxes.
• The passage encourages seeking divine wisdom when faced with complex ethical or political dilemmas, trusting that God provides clear direction even in challenging circumstances.

This verse serves as a powerful reminder that true wisdom lies in understanding God's sovereignty over all aspects of life, including our interactions with earthly governments.