Ezekiel 39:1

KJV

¶ Therefore, thou son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I [am] against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal:

KJV (with Strong's)

Therefore, thou son {H1121} of man {H120}, prophesy {H5012} against Gog {H1463}, and say {H559}, Thus saith {H559} the Lord {H136} GOD {H3069}; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog {H1463}, the chief {H7218} prince {H5387} of Meshech {H4902} and Tubal {H8422}:

Complete Jewish Bible

"So you, human being, prophesy against Gog; say that Adonai ELOHIM says: 'I am against you, Gog, chief prince of Meshekh and Tuval.

Berean Standard Bible

“As for you, O son of man, prophesy against Gog and declare that this is what the Lord GOD says: Behold, I am against you, O Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal.

American Standard Version

And thou, son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal:

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Ezekiel 39:1 continues the divine pronouncement against Gog, a powerful, enigmatic leader from the north, and his confederacy. This verse serves as a direct command from the Lord God to the prophet Ezekiel, instructing him to deliver a specific, authoritative message of divine opposition against Gog, identified as the "chief prince of Meshech and Tubal," thereby setting the stage for the dramatic unfolding of God's sovereign judgment and the ultimate vindication of His holy name before the nations.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse immediately follows the detailed prophetic oracle of Gog's invasion of Israel in [Ezekiel chapter 38](/ezekiel/38 "Ezekiel 38 - The Prophecy of Gog's Invasion"). While chapter 38 describes Gog's mobilization and initial advance, [Ezekiel 39:1](/ezekiel/39-1 "Ezekiel 39:1 - God's Prophecy Against Gog") marks a renewed and intensified divine word, shifting focus from the description of the invasion to God's explicit declaration of opposition. The repetition of the command to "prophesy against Gog" underscores the certainty and divine origin of the judgment. It serves as a preamble to the detailed account of Gog's catastrophic defeat, emphasizing that the entire event is orchestrated by God to display His glory and holiness to Israel and the nations, a theme central to the latter half of the book, particularly concerning Israel's restoration and the establishment of God's kingdom.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** Ezekiel prophesied during the Babylonian exile (c. 593-571 BC), a period of profound national humiliation and spiritual renewal for Israel. The references to "Meshech and Tubal" point to ancient peoples located in the region of modern-day Turkey, specifically in Anatolia, north of Israel. Historically, these were formidable, warlike tribes, often associated with the Scythians or Cimmerians, known for their military prowess and distant northern origins. The identification of Gog as their "chief prince" (or "prince of Rosh," as some interpret "chief" – *rosh* – as a proper noun) positions him as a significant, perhaps even ultimate, northern adversary. This geographical and cultural designation highlights the perceived overwhelming strength of the enemy, making God's decisive victory all the more spectacular and demonstrative of His absolute power over all earthly forces, regardless of their might or origin.
* **Key Themes:** [Ezekiel 39:1](/ezekiel/39-1 "Ezekiel 39:1 - God's Prophecy Against Gog") powerfully reinforces several overarching themes found throughout the book of Ezekiel. Firstly, **Divine Sovereignty** is paramount, as God explicitly declares, "Behold, I am against thee, O Gog," asserting His ultimate control over all nations and historical events, even those seemingly chaotic or overwhelming. Secondly, the theme of **Prophetic Authority** is emphasized by the repeated phrase "Thus saith the Lord GOD," validating Ezekiel's message as a direct, undeniable word from the Almighty, not human speculation. This divine mandate ensures the prophecy's certain fulfillment. Thirdly, the verse contributes to the theme of **God's Protection of Israel**, demonstrating His unwavering commitment to His covenant people, even when they are vulnerable, by promising to decisively defeat their most formidable enemies. This divine intervention serves to sanctify God's name, a recurring motif in Ezekiel, as seen in passages like [Ezekiel 36:23](/ezekiel/36-23 "Ezekiel 36:23 - God's Holy Name Vindicated").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **son (Hebrew, _bên'_):** From H1121, meaning "a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc.)." In the phrase "son of man," it denotes Ezekiel's human identity and mortality, contrasting with the divine authority of the one speaking to him. It grounds the prophet in his humanity while simultaneously underscoring his role as God's chosen messenger.
* **man (Hebrew, _ʼâdâm'_):** From H120, meaning "ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)." Paired with *bên*, "son of man" (ben-adam) is Ezekiel's most frequent designation, appearing over 90 times. It emphasizes his humble, mortal nature in the face of God's overwhelming glory and divine revelation, highlighting that the message is from God, not from human wisdom or power.
* **prophesy (Hebrew, _nâbâʼ'_):** From H5012, a primitive root meaning "to prophesy, i.e., speak (or sing) by inspiration (in prediction or simple discourse)." This word indicates that Ezekiel's words are not his own, but divinely inspired utterances. It signifies the act of delivering God's message, whether it be a prediction of future events or a declaration of present truth, emphasizing the authoritative and revelatory nature of his ministry.
* **chief (Hebrew, _rôʼsh'_):** From H7218, meaning "the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, etc.); chief(-est place, man, things)." This term denotes preeminence, leadership, or the highest position. When combined with "prince," it emphasizes Gog's supreme authority and prominence among his confederacy.
* **prince (Hebrew, _nâsîyʼ'_):** From H5387, meaning "properly, an exalted one, i.e., a king or sheik; also a rising mist." This word signifies a leader, ruler, or exalted figure. The combination "chief prince" (rosh nasi) thus powerfully conveys Gog's supreme status and military command, portraying him as the preeminent leader of the northern forces.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Therefore, thou son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say":** This opening establishes the divine mandate and the prophet's role. "Therefore" links this prophecy to the preceding chapter's description of Gog's invasion, signaling that God's response is a direct consequence. Ezekiel, as the "son of man," is commanded to act as God's mouthpiece, delivering a specific message directly to Gog, underscoring the personal and authoritative nature of the divine address.
* **"Thus saith the Lord GOD":** This formulaic phrase is a hallmark of prophetic literature, asserting the divine origin and absolute authority of the message that follows. It signifies that the words are not Ezekiel's own thoughts or human conjecture, but a direct, infallible revelation from the sovereign God, ensuring its truth and inevitable fulfillment.
* **"Behold, I [am] against thee, O Gog":** This is the core declaration of the verse, a powerful statement of divine opposition. "Behold" draws immediate attention to the gravity of the pronouncement. God Himself, the "Lord GOD," declares His direct and personal antagonism towards Gog, emphasizing that no earthly power can stand against His will. This sets the stage for the dramatic display of God's power in the subsequent verses.
* **"the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal":** This phrase identifies Gog's specific domain and status. "Chief prince" (or "prince of Rosh," depending on interpretation) highlights his preeminent leadership. Meshech and Tubal were ancient, warlike peoples located in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), north of Israel. This identification grounds the formidable nature of Gog's confederacy in known historical and geographical entities, even as Gog himself takes on a symbolic, eschatological significance.

#### Literary Devices
Ezekiel 39:1 employs several powerful literary devices. **Apostrophe** is prominently featured, as God directly addresses Gog, even though the message is delivered through Ezekiel. This direct address heightens the dramatic tension and emphasizes the personal nature of God's confrontation with this formidable enemy. The phrase "Thus saith the Lord GOD" is a classic example of **Divine Fiat**, a declaration that carries the absolute authority and certainty of God's word, leaving no doubt about the origin or outcome of the prophecy. Furthermore, the **Repetition** of "prophesy against Gog" from [Ezekiel 38:2](/ezekiel/38-2 "Ezekiel 38:2 - Prophecy Against Gog") serves to reinforce the divine command and the unwavering focus on Gog as the central antagonist. Gog himself functions as a powerful **Symbolism**, representing the ultimate, seemingly insurmountable forces of evil that rise against God's people, whose defeat will unequivocally demonstrate God's sovereignty and holiness to the entire world.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Ezekiel 39:1 profoundly underscores God's absolute sovereignty over all nations and history. The declaration "Behold, I am against thee, O Gog" is not merely a statement of opposition but a foundational theological truth: no power, human or demonic, can ultimately thwart God's purposes or stand against His will. This divine antagonism against Gog, the embodiment of ultimate human rebellion, serves to vindicate God's holiness and faithfulness to His covenant people. It reveals that even the most formidable threats are merely instruments in God's hands, used to bring about His predetermined plan for judgment and salvation. The prophecy assures believers that God remains actively involved in the affairs of the world, orchestrating events to His glory and ensuring the ultimate triumph of His righteous kingdom.

* [Psalm 2:4-6](/psalms/2-4 "Psalm 2:4-6 - God's Sovereign Rule") – The Lord laughs at the kings of the earth who rage against Him, asserting His enthronement and sovereign rule.
* [Isaiah 46:9-10](/isaiah/46-9 "Isaiah 46:9-10 - God Declares the End from the Beginning") – God declares the end from the beginning, affirming that His purpose will stand, and He will accomplish all His good pleasure.
* [Revelation 19:11-16](/revelation/19-11 "Revelation 19:11-16 - The Rider on the White Horse") – Depicts Christ's triumphant return to judge and make war against all who oppose Him, echoing the theme of divine judgment against rebellious forces.

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Ezekiel 39:1 offers profound comfort and a call to trust for believers facing a world often characterized by chaos, conflict, and seemingly overwhelming evil. The unwavering declaration, "Behold, I am against thee, O Gog," serves as a powerful reminder that God is not a passive observer but an active, sovereign participant in human history. This verse assures us that no matter how formidable the opposition or how bleak the circumstances, God remains firmly in control, orchestrating events to His glory and the ultimate protection of His people. It invites us to rest in His omnipotence, knowing that His plans will prevail, and His justice will ultimately be meted out. For those who feel threatened by global instability or personal adversity, this passage reaffirms that our ultimate security rests not in human strength or political solutions, but in the unfailing power and faithfulness of the Lord GOD, who stands against all that opposes His righteous rule.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does God's declaration "I am against thee, O Gog" shape your understanding of His sovereignty in the face of global conflicts and evil?**
* **In what areas of your life do you need to trust more deeply in God's active opposition to forces that seek to harm you or His kingdom?**
* **How does Ezekiel's role as "son of man" delivering a divine message inspire or challenge your own willingness to be a messenger for God?**
* **What comfort can you draw from knowing that God actively intervenes and judges those who oppose Him and His people?**

### FAQ
**Who is "Gog" in Ezekiel 39:1, and what is his significance?**

Answer: In Ezekiel 39:1, "Gog" is identified as "the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal," ancient peoples located in the northern regions, likely modern-day Turkey. While historically rooted, Gog takes on a symbolic and eschatological significance within the prophecy. He represents a formidable, ultimate adversary who will rise against God's people in the "latter days" ([Ezekiel 38:16](/ezekiel/38-16 "Ezekiel 38:16 - Gog in the Latter Days")). His invasion is divinely orchestrated to demonstrate God's power and holiness to the nations through his catastrophic defeat. The identity of Gog and his confederacy has been a subject of much debate among scholars, with interpretations ranging from specific historical figures or nations to a symbolic representation of all forces hostile to God and His people, particularly in end-times prophecies, as also referenced in [Revelation 20:8](/revelation/20-8 "Revelation 20:8 - Gog and Magog in the End Times").

**What is the meaning of Ezekiel being called "son of man" in this context?**

Answer: The title "son of man" (Hebrew: *ben-adam*) is used over 90 times in the book of Ezekiel to refer to the prophet. In this context, it emphasizes Ezekiel's humanity and mortality in contrast to the divine majesty and authority of God who speaks to him. It highlights that the message is not of human origin or wisdom but is a direct, authoritative revelation from the Lord GOD. It underscores Ezekiel's role as a humble, mortal messenger chosen by God to deliver His powerful word to a rebellious people and to the nations, as seen throughout his prophetic ministry, for example, in [Ezekiel 2:1](/ezekiel/2-1 "Ezekiel 2:1 - God Addresses Ezekiel as Son of Man").

**Why are "Meshech and Tubal" specifically mentioned alongside Gog?**

Answer: Meshech and Tubal were known ancient peoples and regions located in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), north of Israel. They were historically associated with warlike tribes and trade, particularly in metals. Their inclusion alongside Gog in [Ezekiel 39:1](/ezekiel/39-1 "Ezekiel 39:1 - God's Prophecy Against Gog") serves to ground the formidable nature of Gog's confederacy in known geographical and historical realities of the ancient world. By identifying Gog as their "chief prince," the prophecy establishes him as a powerful leader of a significant northern military alliance. This detail helps to paint a picture of an overwhelming, seemingly unstoppable force, thereby magnifying the display of God's power when He decisively defeats them. Their mention emphasizes the scope and scale of the coming judgment, encompassing nations far and wide.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Ezekiel 39:1, with its declaration of God's direct opposition to Gog, finds its ultimate Christ-centered fulfillment in the triumph of Jesus Christ over all spiritual and earthly powers that oppose God. Gog, as the "chief prince" of the nations from the north, embodies the culmination of human and demonic rebellion against God and His people. In the New Testament, Christ is revealed as the true "Son of Man" ([Mark 14:62](/mark/14-62 "Mark 14:62 - Jesus Identifies as Son of Man")), not merely a mortal messenger like Ezekiel, but the divine, authoritative figure who possesses all power and judgment. Just as God declares His direct antagonism against Gog, so too does Christ, through His crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension, decisively defeat the "prince of this world" ([John 12:31](/john/12-31 "John 12:31 - Jesus on the Prince of This World")) and all the forces of darkness ([Colossians 2:15](/colossians/2-15 "Christ's Triumph Over Powers")). The future defeat of Gog and his armies in Ezekiel foreshadows the ultimate and final victory of Christ at His second coming, where He will judge the nations and establish His eternal kingdom, putting all enemies under His feet ([1 Corinthians 15:25](/1_corinthians/15-25 "1 Corinthians 15:25 - Christ Must Reign")). Thus, the divine "I am against thee" spoken to Gog is fully realized in Christ's complete and final triumph over all opposition, ensuring the ultimate security and vindication of God's people and the glorification of His holy name.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Ezekiel 38:2

Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him,

Ezekiel 38:3

And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I [am] against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal:

Ezekiel 35:3

And say unto it, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, O mount Seir, I [am] against thee, and I will stretch out mine hand against thee, and I will make thee most desolate.

Nahum 2:13

Behold, I [am] against thee, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will burn her chariots in the smoke, and the sword shall devour thy young lions: and I will cut off thy prey from the earth, and the voice of thy messengers shall no more be heard.

Nahum 3:5

Behold, I [am] against thee, saith the LORD of hosts; and I will discover thy skirts upon thy face, and I will shew the nations thy nakedness, and the kingdoms thy shame.