Exodus 21:9

Context of Exodus 21:9

Exodus 21:9 is part of the "Book of the Covenant" (Exodus 20:22-23:33), which outlines specific laws given by God to Moses immediately after the Ten Commandments. This section, specifically verses 1-11, deals with laws concerning Hebrew servants. Unlike some ancient Near Eastern codes that treated servants merely as property, the Mosaic Law established significant protections and rights for them. Verse 9 continues the regulations introduced in Exodus 21:7, which discusses a father selling his daughter into servitude, likely due to poverty. The preceding verse, Exodus 21:8, addresses what happens if the master is displeased with her and does not betroth her to himself.

Key Themes and Messages

• Protection of the Vulnerable: This law highlights God's concern for the dignity and well-being of those in vulnerable positions, such as a female servant. Even within the societal structure of servitude, divine law provided safeguards against exploitation.
• Elevation of Status: The core message of this verse is the significant elevation of the maidservant's status. If the master betroths her to his son, she is no longer merely a servant but is to be treated "after the manner of daughters," implying integration into the family and receiving the rights and care due to a family member.
• Justice and Equity: The law ensures a measure of justice, preventing the maidservant from being discarded or mistreated if she is brought into the family through betrothal. This demonstrates the Israelite legal system's emphasis on fair treatment.
• Family Integration: The provision encourages the transformation of a servant relationship into a family bond, reflecting a deeper value for human connection and responsibility within the community.

Linguistic Insights

The phrase "betrothed her" comes from the Hebrew word אָרַשׂ ('aras), which signifies a formal engagement or betrothal. This was a binding agreement in ancient Israel, often carrying the weight of marriage though not yet consummated. The phrase "after the manner of daughters" emphasizes that she is to be treated with the same care, provision, and rights as a biological daughter of the household, a stark contrast to her previous status as a maidservant. This implies she would receive sustenance, clothing, and other necessities, as further detailed in Exodus 21:10 regarding a wife's rights.

Practical Application

While the specific social context of selling daughters into servitude is no longer applicable, the underlying principles of Exodus 21:9 remain highly relevant for believers today:

• Dignity of All People: This law reminds us of the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, regardless of their social or economic status. We are called to treat all people with respect, care, and justice, especially those who are vulnerable or marginalized.
• Responsibility in Relationships: It underscores the responsibility of those in positions of authority or power to care for those under their charge. Whether in family, work, or community settings, we are to ensure fair and compassionate treatment.
• Compassion and Integration: The concept of integrating an outsider into the family, treating them "as daughters," speaks to the Christian call for radical compassion and welcoming the stranger. This echoes the New Testament's teaching on unity in Christ, where distinctions of status are overcome.

Exodus 21:9 demonstrates God's profound concern for justice and the well-being of His people, even in the intricate details of ancient law, providing a blueprint for compassionate and equitable treatment within society.