1 Samuel 16:14

KJV

¶ But the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him.

KJV (with Strong's)

But the Spirit {H7307} of the LORD {H3068} departed {H5493} from Saul {H7586}, and an evil {H7451} spirit {H7307} from the LORD {H3068} troubled {H1204} him.

Complete Jewish Bible

Now the Spirit of ADONAI had left Sha'ul; instead, an evil spirit from ADONAI would suddenly come over him.

Berean Standard Bible

After the Spirit of the LORD had departed from Saul, a spirit of distress from the LORD began to torment him.

American Standard Version

Now the Spirit of Jehovah departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from Jehovah troubled him.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
1 Samuel 16:14 marks a profound and tragic turning point in the narrative of King Saul, immediately following the divine anointing of David. This verse encapsulates God's sovereign judgment upon Saul for his persistent disobedience, signifying the withdrawal of God's empowering Spirit from him and the subsequent onset of severe spiritual and psychological torment inflicted by an "evil spirit from the LORD." It starkly contrasts Saul's spiritual decline with David's anointing, setting the stage for the transition of kingship and underscoring the grave consequences of rebellion against divine commands.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is strategically placed directly after the anointing of David by Samuel in [1 Samuel 16:13](/1_samuel/16-13 "1 Samuel 16:13 - David Anointed King"). The immediate juxtaposition creates a powerful spiritual contrast: as the Spirit of the LORD comes upon David, it simultaneously departs from Saul. This follows a series of divine rejections of Saul due to his disobedience, particularly his failure to utterly destroy the Amalekites as commanded by God, culminating in Samuel's declaration that God had torn the kingdom from him ([1 Samuel 15:23](/1_samuel/15-23 "1 Samuel 15:23 - Rebellion is as the sin of divination")). Earlier in his reign, the Spirit had powerfully come upon Saul, transforming him and empowering him for leadership ([1 Samuel 10:6](/1_samuel/10-6 "1 Samuel 10:6 - The Spirit of God comes upon Saul")). The departure of the Spirit here signifies the finality of God's rejection and the spiritual end of Saul's effective reign, even while he physically remains king.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** In ancient Israel, kingship was understood as a divinely appointed office, often accompanied by a charismatic anointing of the Spirit of the LORD, which empowered the king for his duties (e.g., military leadership, wise governance). The "Spirit of the LORD" was not necessarily a permanent indwelling as understood in the New Covenant, but rather a dynamic, empowering presence that could be given and withdrawn. The concept of an "evil spirit from the LORD" must be understood within a monotheistic framework where God is ultimately sovereign over all forces, good and evil. This does not imply God is the author of evil, but that He can permit or even direct adverse spiritual forces as instruments of judgment or discipline for His purposes, distinct from pagan polytheistic beliefs where evil spirits operated independently of a supreme deity. Saul's subsequent erratic behavior, paranoia, and fits of rage reflect the historical understanding of such spiritual torment.
* **Key Themes:** The primary themes illuminated by [1 Samuel 16:14](/1_samuel/16-14 "1 Samuel 16:14 - The Spirit Departs from Saul") include **Divine Sovereignty and Judgment**, emphasizing God's ultimate authority over human leaders and His ability to withdraw His favor and empowering presence when His commands are disregarded. The subsequent "evil spirit from the LORD troubled him" highlights God's dominion even over spiritual forces, using them (or permitting them) as instruments of consequence for sin. This is intrinsically linked to the theme of **Consequences of Disobedience**, as Saul's spiritual and mental torment is presented as a direct result of his rebellion against God's commands. His internal turmoil reflects his external forfeiture of God's blessing and anointing, serving as a powerful warning about the severe repercussions of persistent sin and unrepentance. Finally, this verse is central to the theme of **Transition of Power**, spiritually marking the end of Saul's effective reign and signifying God's transfer of divine endorsement and authority to His chosen successor, David.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Departed (Hebrew, _sûr'_):** This verb signifies a complete and decisive removal or turning away. It implies a definitive cessation of the Spirit's empowering presence, rather than a temporary absence. For Saul, this "departure" was not merely a loss of feeling but a withdrawal of divine enablement and favor, marking the end of his legitimate spiritual authority and effectiveness as king in God's eyes.
* **Spirit (Hebrew, _ruach'_):** The Hebrew term _ruach_ is rich in meaning, encompassing "wind," "breath," and "spirit." In this context, "Spirit of the LORD" refers to God's active, empowering, and sanctifying presence, which enabled Saul to prophesy and lead Israel. Its departure signifies the removal of this divine empowerment, leaving Saul vulnerable and exposed. Conversely, the "evil spirit" is also a _ruach_, indicating a spiritual entity, but one that is malignant and serves as an instrument of divine judgment.
* **Troubled (Hebrew, _bāʿat'_):** This verb means to terrify, dismay, or cause sudden alarm and agitation. It denotes a deep psychological and emotional disturbance, far beyond mere annoyance. The "evil spirit" did not just bother Saul; it profoundly tormented him, leading to fits of rage, paranoia, and deep melancholy, directly impacting his mental and emotional stability and, consequently, his ability to rule effectively.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"But the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul":** This clause signifies a momentous spiritual shift. The "Spirit of the LORD" represents the divine anointing and empowering presence that had previously enabled Saul to lead Israel ([1 Samuel 10:6](/1_samuel/10-6 "1 Samuel 10:6 - The Spirit of God comes upon Saul")). Its departure is a direct consequence of Saul's persistent disobedience and rebellion against God's commands, particularly his failure to obey fully in the war against the Amalekites ([1 Samuel 15](/1_samuel/15 "1 Samuel 15 - Saul's Disobedience and Rejection")). This withdrawal indicates God's definitive rejection of Saul as His chosen king, removing the divine favor and enablement necessary for his rule. It is a stark demonstration of God's sovereignty over human leadership and the severe spiritual repercussions of unfaithfulness.
* **"and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him."**: This second clause reveals the immediate consequence of the Spirit's departure. The "evil spirit" (Hebrew: _ruach ra'ah_) is not an independent demonic entity acting outside of God's control, but rather a spiritual agent permitted or even sent by God as an instrument of divine judgment and discipline. It caused Saul profound mental and emotional anguish, manifesting as fits of rage, paranoia, and deep depression. This torment was a direct, internal reflection of Saul's spiritual state and God's displeasure, serving as a punitive measure and further evidence of his unsuitability for kingship. It underscores God's absolute sovereignty, even over forces that bring affliction, demonstrating that all things ultimately serve His purposes.

#### Literary Devices
The passage employs several potent literary devices to convey its profound theological message. **Juxtaposition** is paramount, as [1 Samuel 16:14](/1_samuel/16-14 "1 Samuel 16:14 - The Spirit Departs from Saul") immediately follows [1 Samuel 16:13](/1_samuel/16-13 "1 Samuel 16:13 - David Anointed King"), where "the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon David from that day forward." This creates a stark, dramatic contrast between the two kings, highlighting God's transfer of favor and anointing from the disobedient Saul to the chosen David. **Foreshadowing** is also evident, as Saul's internal torment and erratic behavior foreshadow his eventual downfall, tragic end, and the complete loss of his kingdom. The "evil spirit" is a harbinger of the chaos and instability that will define the remainder of his reign. Furthermore, the narrative employs **Divine Sovereignty** as a pervasive theme, not just a theological concept. The phrase "from the LORD" emphasizes God's active role in both empowering and withdrawing, and even in sending or permitting the "evil spirit," underscoring His ultimate control over all events and spiritual forces. This subtly incorporates **Irony**, as Saul, once divinely chosen and empowered, is now tormented by a spirit permitted by the very God he disobeyed, highlighting the tragic consequences of his rebellion.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This verse powerfully articulates several core theological truths. It underscores God's absolute sovereignty, demonstrating that His Spirit and even adverse spiritual forces operate under His ultimate control and for His divine purposes. The departure of the Spirit from Saul is a vivid illustration of the consequences of persistent disobedience and rebellion against God's revealed will. It teaches that divine favor and empowerment are not unconditional or permanent for those who refuse to walk in obedience. Furthermore, the "evil spirit from the LORD" highlights a facet of divine judgment, where internal torment and psychological distress can be a direct result or instrument of God's discipline, leading to a profound spiritual and mental decline. This passage serves as a sobering reminder that while God is gracious, He is also just, and His holiness demands a response of faithful obedience from those He calls to leadership and relationship.

* [Judges 16:20](/judges/16-20 "Judges 16:20 - Samson's strength departs")
* [Psalm 51:11](/psalms/51-11 "Psalm 51:11 - Do not cast me from your presence or take your Holy Spirit from me.")
* [Lamentations 3:38](/lamentations/3-38 "Lamentations 3:38 - Is it not from the mouth of the Most High that both calamities and good things come?")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The tragic account of Saul in [1 Samuel 16:14](/1_samuel/16-14 "1 Samuel 16:14 - The Spirit Departs from Saul") offers profound and enduring lessons for believers today. It serves as a stark warning about the spiritual and psychological toll of persistent disobedience and unrepentance. While the direct experience of an "evil spirit from the LORD" may be unique to Saul's context, the principle remains: rebellion against God's will can lead to a withdrawal of His empowering presence and a descent into internal turmoil, anxiety, and spiritual barrenness. This passage calls us to a radical commitment to obedience, reminding us that God values a surrendered heart more than outward religious performance. It also encourages us to recognize God's sovereignty even in difficult circumstances, understanding that He can permit or use adverse situations, or even internal struggles, for His righteous purposes, whether for discipline, refinement, or to expose the true state of our hearts. Ultimately, it compels us to seek a continuous, humble reliance on God's Spirit for guidance, strength, and inner peace, recognizing that true well-being flows from a vibrant, obedient relationship with Him.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does Saul's experience challenge our understanding of God's sovereignty and judgment, especially concerning the concept of an "evil spirit from the LORD"?**
* **In what ways might unconfessed sin or persistent disobedience manifest in our own lives, spiritually, emotionally, or relationally?**
* **What lessons can we draw from the contrast between Saul and David regarding the nature of true leadership and humble reliance on God's Spirit?**

### FAQ
**Did God directly send an evil demon to torment Saul?**

Answer: The phrase "evil spirit from the LORD" (Hebrew: _ruach ra'ah me'et YHWH_) indicates that this spirit originated from or was permitted by God. This does not necessarily mean God is the author of evil, nor does it imply a demon in the New Testament sense of an independent entity bent on pure destruction. Rather, in the Old Testament, God is presented as sovereign over all forces, including those that bring affliction or judgment. This "evil spirit" acted as an agent of divine discipline, causing Saul profound mental and emotional distress, likely manifesting as paranoia, fits of rage, and deep melancholy. It was a consequence of Saul's persistent disobedience and God's withdrawal of His empowering Spirit, serving as a punitive measure to highlight his unsuitability for kingship. God, in His sovereignty, can use or permit even adverse circumstances and spiritual forces to achieve His righteous purposes of judgment, discipline, or the advancement of His plan, as seen in the transition from Saul to David.

**What is the significance of the Spirit of the LORD "departing" from Saul?**

Answer: The departure of the Spirit of the LORD from Saul signifies the withdrawal of God's special anointing and empowering presence that had enabled him to lead Israel as king ([1 Samuel 10:6](/1_samuel/10-6 "1 Samuel 10:6 - The Spirit of God comes upon Saul")). In the Old Testament context, the Spirit often came upon individuals for specific tasks or periods, empowering them for leadership, prophecy, or battle. Its departure from Saul was a direct consequence of his repeated acts of disobedience and rebellion against God's commands, particularly his failure to fully obey in the war against the Amalekites ([1 Samuel 15](/1_samuel/15 "1 Samuel 15 - Saul's Disobedience and Rejection")). This withdrawal marked God's definitive rejection of Saul as king in His eyes, signaling the end of divine favor and enablement for his reign. It's crucial to distinguish this from the permanent indwelling of the Holy Spirit promised to believers under the New Covenant ([Ephesians 1:13-14](/ephesians/1-13 "Ephesians 1:13-14 - Sealed with the Holy Spirit")).

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The tragic narrative of Saul's spiritual decline and the departure of the Spirit from him finds its ultimate resolution and perfect fulfillment in Jesus Christ. Saul, the first king of Israel, failed due to his disobedience and pride, leading to the withdrawal of God's empowering presence and subsequent torment. In stark contrast, Jesus is the perfectly obedient King, the true Son of David, upon whom the Spirit of the LORD descended at His baptism and remained permanently and without measure ([John 1:32](/john/1-32 "John 1:32 - The Spirit Descends on Jesus"); [John 3:34](/john/3-34 "John 3:34 - God gives the Spirit without limit")). Unlike Saul, whose reign ended in despair and divine rejection, Jesus' kingship is eternal, established through His perfect obedience, even to death on the cross ([Philippians 2:8](/philippians/2-8 "Philippians 2:8 - Christ's Obedience to Death")). Through His atoning sacrifice and resurrection, Christ secures for His people a new covenant where the Holy Spirit is not merely an empowering presence that can depart, but an indwelling seal and guarantee of their inheritance ([Ephesians 1:13-14](/ephesians/1-13 "Ephesians 1:13-14 - Sealed with the Holy Spirit")). Saul's torment highlights the brokenness of humanity and the need for a perfect mediator and king. Jesus, as the Lamb of God, takes away the sin of the world ([John 1:29](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God")) and, as the resurrected Lord, pours out His Spirit upon all who believe, granting them new hearts and His Spirit within, enabling them to walk in His statutes and obey His laws ([Ezekiel 36:26-27](/ezekiel/36-26 "Ezekiel 36:26-27 - New Heart and Spirit")). Thus, Saul's failure points forward to Christ, who provides a permanent, Spirit-empowered relationship with God, free from the threat of the Spirit's departure due to sin, because our standing is secured in His perfect righteousness.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Psalms 51:11

Cast me not away from thy presence; and take not thy holy spirit from me.

1 Samuel 18:12

¶ And Saul was afraid of David, because the LORD was with him, and was departed from Saul.

Judges 9:23

Then God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem; and the men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech:

Judges 16:20

And she said, The Philistines [be] upon thee, Samson. And he awoke out of his sleep, and said, I will go out as at other times before, and shake myself. And he wist not that the LORD was departed from him.

1 Samuel 28:15

¶ And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do.

1 Samuel 18:10

And it came to pass on the morrow, that the evil spirit from God came upon Saul, and he prophesied in the midst of the house: and David played with his hand, as at other times: and [there was] a javelin in Saul's hand.

Acts 19:15

And the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I know, and Paul I know; but who are ye?