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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers 1 Peter 2:13–25. His four-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
The general rule of a Christian conversation is this, it must be honest, which it cannot be if there be not a conscientious discharge of all relative duties. The apostle here particularly treats of these distinctly.
I.The case of subjects.
Christians were not only reputed innovators in religion, but disturbers of the state; it was highly necessary, therefore, that the apostle should settle the rules and measures of obedience to the civil magistrate, which he does here, where,
1.The duty required is submission, which comprises loyalty and reverence to their persons, obedience to their just laws and commands, and subjection to legal penalties.
2.The persons or objects to whom this submission is due are described,
(1.)More generally: Every ordinance of man. Magistracy is certainly of divine right; but the particular form of government, the power of the magistrate, and the persons who are to execute this power, are of human institution, and are governed by the laws and constitutions of each particular country; and this is a general rule, binding in all nations, let the established form of be what it will.
(2.)Particularly: To the king, as supreme, first in dignity and most eminent in degree; the king is a legal person, not a tyrant: or unto governors, deputies, proconsuls, rulers of provinces, who are sent by him, that is, commissioned by him to govern.
3.The reasons to enforce this duty are,
(1.)For the Lord's sake, who had ordained magistracy for the good of mankind, who has required obedience and submission (Rom 13:1-14), and whose honour is concerned in the dutiful behavior of subjects to their sovereigns.
(2.)From the end and use of the magistrate's office, which are, to punish evil-doers, and to praise and encourage all those that do well. They were appointed for the good of societies; and, where this end is not pursued, the fault is not in their institution but their practice.
[1.]True religion is the best support of civil government; it requires submission for the Lord's sake, and for conscience' sake.
[2.]All the punishments, and all the magistrates in the world, cannot hinder but there will be evil-doers in it.
[3.]The best way the magistrate can take to discharge his own duty, and to amend the world, is to punish well and reward well.
(3.)Another reason why Christians should submit to the evil magistrate is because it is the will of God, and consequently their duty; and because it is the way to put to silence the malicious slanders of ignorant and foolish men, Pe1 2:15. Learn,
[1.]The will of God is, to a good man, the strongest reason for any duty.
[2.]Obedience to magistrates is a considerable branch of a Christian's duty: So is the will of God.
[3.]A Christian must endeavour, in all relations, to behave himself so as to put to silence the unreasonable reproaches of the most ignorant and foolish men.
[4.]Those who speak against religion and religious people are ignorant and foolish.
(4.)He reminds them of the spiritual nature of Christian liberty. The Jews, from Deu 17:15, concluded that they were bound to obey no sovereign but one taken from their own brethren; and the converted Jews thought they were free from subjection by their relation to Christ. To prevent their mistakes, the apostle tells the Christians that they were free, but from what? Not from duty or obedience to God's law, which requires subjection to the civil magistrate. They were free spiritually from the bondage of sin and Satan, and the ceremonial law; but they must not make their Christian liberty a cloak or covering for any wickedness, or for the neglect of any duty towards God or towards their superiors, but must still remember they were the servants of God. Learn,
[1.]All the servants of Christ are free men (Joh 8:36); they are free from Satans' dominion, the law's condemnation, the wrath of God, the uneasiness of duty, and the terrors of death.
[2.]The servants of Jesus Christ ought to be very careful not to abuse their Christian liberty; they must not make it a cover or cloak for any wickedness against God or disobedience to superiors.
4.The apostle concludes his discourse concerning the duty of subjects with four admirable precepts: - (1.) Honour all men. A due respect is to be given to all men; the poor are not to be despised (Pro 17:5); the wicked must be honoured, not for their wickedness, but for any other qualities, such as wit, prudence, courage, eminency of employment, or the hoary head. Abraham, Jacob, Samuel, the prophets, and the apostles, never scrupled to give due honour to bad men. (2.) Love the brotherhood. All Christians are a fraternity, united to Christ the head, alike disposed and qualified, nearly related in the same interest, having communion one with another, and going to the same home; they should therefore love one another with an especial affection. (3.) Fear God with the highest reverence, duty, and submission; if this be wanting, none of the other three duties can be performed as they ought. (4.) Honour the king with that highest honour that is peculiarly due to him above other men.
II.The case of servants wanted an apostolical determination as well as that of subjects, for they imagined that their Christian liberty set them free from their unbelieving and cruel masters; to this the apostle answers, Servants, be subject, Pe1 2:18. By servants he means those who were strictly such, whether hired, or bought with money, or taken in the wars, or born in the house, or those who served by contract for a limited time, as apprentices. Observe,
1.He orders them to be subject, to do their business faithfully and honestly, to conduct themselves, as inferiors ought, with reverence and affection, and to submit patiently to hardships and inconveniences. This subjection they owe to their masters, who have a right to their service; and that not only to the good and gentle, such as use them well and abate somewhat of their right, but even to the crooked and perverse, who are scarcely to be pleased at all. Learn,
(1.)Servants ought to behave themselves to their masters with submission, and fear of displeasing them.
(2.)The sinful misconduct of one relation does not justify the sinful behaviour of the other; the servant is bound to do his duty, though the master be sinfully froward and perverse.
(3.)Good people are meek and gentle to their servants and inferiors. Our holy apostle shows his love and concern for the souls of poor servants, as well as for higher people. Herein he ought to be imitated by all inferior ministers, who should distinctly apply their counsels to the lower, the meaner, the younger, and the poorer sort of their hearers, as well as others.
2.Having charged them to be subject, he condescends to reason with them about it.
(1.)If they were patient under their hardships, while they suffered unjustly, and continued doing their duty to their unbelieving and untoward masters, this would e acceptable to God, and he would reward all that they suffered for conscience towards him; but to be patient when they were justly chastised would deserve no commendation at all; it is only doing well, and suffering patiently for that, which is acceptable with God, Pe1 2:19, Pe1 2:20. Learn,
[1.]There is no condition so mean but a man may live conscientiously in it, and glorify God in it; the meanest servant may do so.
[2.]The most conscientious persons are very often the greatest sufferers. For conscience towards God, they suffer wrongfully; they do well, and suffer for it; but sufferers of this sort are praiseworthy, they do honour to God and to religion, and they are accepted of him; and this is their highest support and satisfaction.
[3.]Deserved sufferings must be endured with patience: If you are buffeted for your faults, you must take it patiently. Sufferings in this world are not always pledges of our future happiness; if children or servants be rude and undutiful, and suffer for it, this will neither be acceptable with God nor procure the praise of men.
(2.)More reasons are given to encourage Christian servants to patience under unjust sufferings, Pe1 2:21.
[1.]From their Christian calling and profession: Hereunto were you called.
[2.]From the example of Christ, who suffered for us, and so became our example, that we should follow his steps, whence learn, First, Good Christians are a sort of people called to be sufferers, and therefore they must expect it; by the terms of Christianity they are bound to deny themselves, and take up the cross; they are called by the commands of Christ, by the dispensations of Providence, and by the preparations of divine grace; and, by the practice of Jesus Christ, they are bound to suffer when thus called to it. Secondly, Jesus Christ suffered for you, or for us; it was not the Father that suffered, but he whom the Father sanctified, and sent into the world, for that end; it was both the body and soul of Christ that suffered, and he suffered for us, in our stead and for our good, Pe1 2:24. Thirdly, The sufferings of Christ should quiet us under the most unjust and cruel sufferings we meet with in the world. He suffered voluntarily, not for himself, but for us, with the utmost readiness, with perfect patience, from all quarters, and all this though he was God - man; shall not we sinners, who deserve the worst, submit to the light afflictions of this life, which work for us unspeakable advantages afterwards?
3.The example of Christ's subjection and patience is here explained and amplified: Christ suffered,
(1.)Wrongfully, and without cause; for he did no sin, Pe1 2:22. He had done no violence, no injustice or wrong to any one - he wrought no iniquity of any sort whatever; neither was guile found in his mouth (Isa 53:9), his words, as well as his actions, were all sincere, just, and right.
(2.)Patiently: When he was reviled, he reviled not again (Pe1 2:23); when they blasphemed him, mocked him, called him foul names, he was dumb, and opened not his mouth; when they went further, to real injuries, beating, buffeting, and crowning him with thorns, he threatened not; but committed both himself and his cause to God that judgeth righteously, who would in time clear his innocency, and avenge him on his enemies. Learn,
[1.]Our Blessed Redeemer was perfectly holy, and so free from sin that no temptation, no provocation whatsoever, could extort from him so much as the least sinful or indecent word.
[2.]Provocations to sin can never justify the commission of it. The rudeness, cruelty, and injustice of enemies, will not justify Christians in reviling and revenge; the reasons for sin can never be so great, but we have always stronger reasons to avoid it.
[3.]The judgment of God will determine justly upon every man and every cause; and thither we ought, with patience and resignation, to refer ourselves.
4.Lest any should think, from what is said, Pe1 2:21-23, that Christ's death was designed merely for an example of patience under sufferings, the apostle here adds a more glorious design and effect of it: Who his own self, etc., where note,
(1.)The person suffering - Jesus Christ: His own self - in his own body. The expression his own self is emphatic, and necessary to show that he verified all the ancient prophecies, to distinguish him from the Levitical priests (who offered the blood of others, but he by himself purged our sins, Heb 1:3), and to exclude all others from participation with him in the work of man's redemption: it is added, in his body; not but that he suffered in his soul (Mat 26:38), but the sufferings of the soul were inward and concealed, when those of the body were visible and more obvious to the consideration of these suffering servants, for whose sake this example is produced.
(2.)The sufferings he underwent were stripes, wounds, and death, the death of the cross - servile and ignominious punishments!
(3.)The reason of his sufferings: He bore our sins, which teaches,
[1.]That Christ, in his sufferings, stood charged with our sins, as one who had undertaken to put them away by the sacrifice of himself, Isa 53:6.
[2.]That he bore the punishment of them, and thereby satisfied divine justice.
[3.]That hereby he takes away our sins, and removes them away from us; as the scape-goat did typically bear the sins of the people on his head, and then carried them quite away, (Lev 16:21, Lev 16:22), so the Lamb of God does first bear our sins in his own body, and thereby take away the sins of the world, Joh 1:29.
(4.)The fruits of Christ's sufferings are,
[1.]Our sanctification, consisting of the death, the mortification of sin, and a new holy life of righteousness, for both which we have an example, and powerful motives and abilities also, from the death and resurrection of Christ.
[2.]Our justification. Christ was bruised and crucified as an expiatory sacrifice, and by his stripes we are healed. Learn, First, Jesus Christ bore the sins of all his people, and expiated them by his death upon the cross. Secondly, No man can depend safely upon Christ, as having borne his sin and expiated his guilt, till he dies unto sin and lives unto righteousness.
5.The apostle concludes his advice to Christian servants, by putting them in mind of the difference between their former and present condition, Pe1 2:25. They were as sheep going astray, which represents,
(1.)Man's sin: he goes astray; it is his own act, he is not driven, but does voluntary go astray.
(2.)His misery: he goes astray from the pasture, from the shepherd, and from the flock, and so exposes himself to innumerable dangers.
(3.)Here is the recovery of these by conversion: But are now returned. The word is passive, and shows that the return of a sinner is the effect of divine grace. This return is from all their errors and wanderings, to Christ, who is the true careful shepherd, that loves his sheep, and laid down his life for them, who is the most vigilant pastor, and bishop, or overseer of souls. Learn,
[1.]Sinners, before their conversion, are always going astray; their life is a continued error.
[2.]Jesus Christ is the supreme shepherd and bishop of souls, who is always resident with his flock, and watchful over them.
[3.]Those that expect the love and care of this universal pastor must return to him, must die unto sin, and live unto righteousness.
Historical interpretation
Six Centuries of Reception
3 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
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But as to servants, what can we say more than that the slave bring a good will to his master, with the fear of God, although he be impious and wicked, but yet not to yield any compliance as to his worship? And let the master love his servant, although he be his superior. Let him consider wherein they are equal, even as he is a man. And let him that has a believing master love him both as his master, and as of the same faith, and as a father, but still with the preservation of his authority as his master: "not as an eye-servant, but as a lover of his master; as knowing that God will recompense to him for his subjection." In like manner, let a master who has a believing servant love him as a son or as a brother, on account of their communion in the faith, but still preserving the difference of a servant.
You will be approved by God if you suffer unjustly, because you know that that is exactly what he did.
Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear, not only to the good and gentle, but also to the unjust. For this is grace, if anyone endures grief for the sake of conscience toward God when suffering unjustly. For what credit is it if, when you are beaten for your sins, you take it patiently? But if, when you do good and suffer for it, you take it patiently, this is praiseworthy before God.
"Servants, be subject." It must be understood that it means, that is, you are, just as when he said, Wives (1 Peter 3:1). "with all fear." Fear is expressed in many ways: it is called fear and also that which is with knowledge, which is now understood through Conscience, which is also called reverence with fear; it is also called painful fear, which is experienced by some through the punishment, which even wild animals fear; it is again called initial fear which follows those approaching the Lord, because they are aware of many things that provoke punishment: therefore the harlot mentioned in the Gospel, fearing, approached Christ (Luke 7:37); but perfect fear is again said to be that which is always present with all the saints, fearing lest anything be lacking in them for what is fitting for those who have been taken up to perfect love: therefore, since fear is expressed in many ways, whether it is just for servants to be presented to their masters through all these means, he who now encourages servants to be subject to their masters with all fear would not deny: since both initial and perfect fear would be present, it would rightly affect them: there, indeed, that they might fear, lest anything happen to them because of their offenses for which there would be no remedy; here, however, that they might not even think of anything, which, if accomplished, would be ungrateful to their master. Now, therefore, he speaks of fear that is due to conscience, that is, which occurs with a right conscience of reason: when, indeed, evil masters afflict their servants who have committed nothing. Therefore, judging this fear as worthy of praise, he commands that it be received with patience. Since those who have fear because of sins, whether those they have committed or even those they have not observed to do, are indeed good servants if they endure anything because of that, and are inclined towards correction: but they are not yet endowed with such great wisdom of mind as they would be if they endured affliction with a grateful heart, even when they were not conscious of any evil. This is great, this is also fulfilled by few; it is commended before God, as responding to the afflictions of Christ; since he himself, he says, did not suffer for his own sins: for he committed no sin, but suffered for us and for our transgressions. (Is. 53:8)
From the iniquities of my people, or because of the iniquities of the people, he was led to death, the prophet says (Is. 53:5), he places fear to be praised. However, he also wishes to retain servants with other fears: which is evident from what he says: with all fear. Moreover, he rightly and skillfully placed above other fears the fear that is due to conscience towards God, and demonstrated with the truest discourse that this alone is worthy of praise, for indeed they have a cause for the wrath of their masters against them, but here there is never anything of the sort.
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Summary
In 1 Peter 2:19, the Apostle Peter addresses believers facing social ostracism and persecution, asserting that enduring unjust suffering with a conscience directed toward God is commendable and finds favor in His sight. This verse serves as a profound encouragement, highlighting that spiritual integrity and divine approval are granted not when one suffers for wrongdoing, but when one patiently bears unmerited grief out of devotion and obedience to God, establishing a foundational principle for Christian conduct in a hostile world.
Context
Literary Context
This verse is situated within a broader section of Peter's epistle (beginning at 1 Peter 2:11) that provides practical instructions for Christian living in a pagan society. Peter has just exhorted believers to "abstain from fleshly lusts" and to "have your conduct honorable among the Gentiles" (1 Peter 2:11-12). Immediately preceding 1 Peter 2:19, Peter calls for submission to human authorities, including "the king, as supreme" and "governors" (1 Peter 2:13-14), and specifically to masters, "not only to the good and gentle, but also to the harsh" (1 Peter 2:18). 1 Peter 2:19 then introduces the specific scenario of suffering "wrongfully," which sets the stage for the ultimate example of Christ's unjust suffering in 1 Peter 2:21-25. The flow of thought moves from general submission to specific instances of unjust treatment, culminating in the Christological model.
Historical & Cultural Context
Peter's first epistle was written to "elect exiles of the Dispersion" in various Roman provinces of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), likely during a time of increasing social pressure and sporadic persecution against Christians (see 1 Peter 1:1). Christians were often misunderstood, accused of various crimes (e.g., atheism for not worshipping Roman gods, cannibalism due to distorted rumors about the Eucharist), and socially ostracized for their refusal to participate in pagan civic and religious life. The Roman Empire, while generally tolerant of diverse religions, viewed Christianity with suspicion due to its exclusive claims and refusal to participate in emperor worship. Servitude was a widespread social reality, and masters held significant power, often treating their slaves harshly. Peter's instructions provided guidance for believers navigating these complex and often hostile environments, emphasizing how their conduct could either commend or condemn their faith.
Key Themes
This verse contributes significantly to several major themes in 1 Peter. The overarching theme of suffering for righteousness' sake is central, distinguishing suffering for one's own sin from suffering unjustly for Christ (e.g., 1 Peter 3:14). It also reinforces the theme of Christian witness and honorable conduct in the world, demonstrating how believers' responses to adversity can glorify God and silence critics (1 Peter 2:12). Furthermore, the concept of God's sovereign approval and grace is highlighted, as enduring such suffering is deemed "thankworthy" or "gracious" in God's eyes. Finally, the verse subtly introduces the theme of Christ as the supreme example of unjust suffering, which Peter develops more fully in the subsequent verses of 1 Peter 2.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
From the root meaning "to rejoice," this word signifies "graciousness," "favor," or "divine influence upon the heart, and its reflection in the life; including gratitude." In this context, it implies that such endurance is pleasing to God, acceptable in His sight, and merits His divine favor or approval. It is not about earning salvation, but about a response that is divinely recognized and valued.
Literally meaning "co-perception" or "joint-knowledge," this refers to one's moral consciousness or inner sense of right and wrong. When directed "toward God," it denotes an inner conviction and motivation rooted in one's relationship with the divine, acting out of a desire to please God and obey His will, rather than out of human pride or mere stoicism.
Derived from "under" and "to bear," this verb means "to bear from underneath" or, figuratively, "to undergo hardship." It implies a patient, steadfast bearing up under the weight of affliction, rather than succumbing to it or reacting with bitterness. It speaks to sustained fortitude in the face of adversity.
Verse Breakdown
"For this is thankworthy"
This opening clause establishes the divine perspective on the action that follows. "This" refers to the act of enduring unjust suffering with a God-ward conscience. "Thankworthy" (cháris) indicates that such endurance is not merely tolerated or observed by God, but is actively pleasing to Him, commendable, and brings His favor or grace upon the one who suffers. It sets a positive, divinely-approved valuation on a seemingly negative experience.
"if a man for conscience toward God endure grief"
This specifies the condition and motivation for the "thankworthy" endurance. The suffering is not random or merely stoic, but is borne out of a deep inner conviction and moral consciousness ("conscience") that is oriented "toward God." This implies a deliberate choice to prioritize God's will and honor Him, even when it results in personal pain ("grief"). The "grief" here refers to the actual suffering, sorrow, or heavy-heartedness experienced.
"suffering wrongfully"
This crucial phrase defines the nature of the suffering that is "thankworthy." It is not suffering as a consequence of one's own misdeeds or sin ("for this is thankworthy... if a man for conscience toward God endure grief, suffering wrongfully"). The adverb "wrongfully" (adikōs) emphasizes that the individual is innocent of any fault that would justly warrant the pain inflicted upon them. This distinguishes the suffering of a Christian for righteousness from the suffering of a criminal for their crimes.
Literary Devices
Peter employs several literary devices to convey his message. The passage utilizes Didacticism, directly instructing believers on how to respond to specific life circumstances, particularly unjust suffering. There is a clear element of Ethos, as Peter, an apostle and eyewitness to Christ's sufferings, speaks with authority and moral credibility, implicitly drawing on the example of Christ which he will explicitly introduce shortly. The concept of "thankworthy" suffering presents a Paradox, where what is outwardly painful and unjust is inwardly and divinely esteemed. This highlights a reversal of worldly values, where suffering is typically avoided, but here, when properly motivated, it becomes a source of divine commendation. The verse also functions as an Anticipation or foreshadowing, setting the stage for the supreme Exemplum of Christ's suffering for righteousness, which serves as the ultimate model for believers.
Theological and Thematic Connections
1 Peter 2:19 profoundly shapes Christian understanding of suffering, elevating it from a mere misfortune to a potential avenue for divine commendation and spiritual growth. It teaches that not all suffering is redemptive or praiseworthy; rather, it is the motivation and nature of the suffering that matters. When a believer endures unmerited hardship out of a pure conscience aimed at honoring God, their suffering takes on a distinct spiritual value, becoming a testament to their faith and a source of God's favor. This perspective transforms the experience of injustice into an opportunity for demonstrating steadfast devotion and aligning oneself with the pattern of Christ's own suffering.
Reflection and Application
In a world that often prioritizes comfort, ease, and immediate gratification, 1 Peter 2:19 offers a counter-cultural perspective on hardship. It challenges believers to consider their response when faced with unfair treatment, whether in the workplace, within relationships, or due to their faith. The verse calls us to examine our "conscience toward God," asking if our endurance is rooted in a desire to please Him, or merely in human pride, resentment, or a stoic resignation. This passage encourages us to view unjust suffering not as a setback, but as a crucible in which our faith is refined and our devotion to God is proven. It reminds us that our ultimate audience is God Himself, and His approval far outweighs any worldly recognition or relief from pain. Embracing this truth empowers us to bear trials with grace, knowing that our steadfastness is not in vain but is seen and valued by our heavenly Father.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What is the difference between suffering for wrongdoing and suffering wrongfully?
The distinction is crucial in Peter's theology. Suffering for wrongdoing, as mentioned in 1 Peter 4:15, refers to experiencing negative consequences due to one's own sin, crimes, or foolish actions (e.g., suffering as a murderer, thief, or evildoer). This kind of suffering brings no commendation from God. In contrast, suffering wrongfully (as in 1 Peter 2:19) means enduring pain, grief, or injustice despite being innocent of any fault that would warrant such treatment. This suffering is often a direct result of one's commitment to Christ and righteous living, and it is this type of suffering that Peter declares "thankworthy" in God's eyes.
Does "thankworthy" mean God wants us to suffer?
No, "thankworthy" (Greek: charis) does not mean God desires or causes suffering for its own sake. Rather, it indicates that when suffering does occur, particularly when it is unjust and endured with a conscience focused on God, the believer's response is pleasing and commendable to Him. God does not delight in our pain, but He values and honors the faith, obedience, and steadfastness that are demonstrated when His children endure trials righteously. It's about God's approval of our response to suffering, not His endorsement of suffering itself.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
1 Peter 2:19 finds its ultimate and most profound fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. Peter immediately transitions from the principle of enduring unjust suffering to the perfect example of the Lamb of God in 1 Peter 2:21-25. Jesus, "who committed no sin, nor was deceit found in His mouth" (1 Peter 2:22), suffered "wrongfully" in the most profound sense. He endured unimaginable grief and injustice, not for His own transgressions, but "for conscience toward God"—out of perfect obedience to the Father's will (John 4:34, Hebrews 10:7). His suffering was the ultimate "thankworthy" act, acceptable and pleasing to God, leading to our redemption. Believers are called to "follow in His steps" (1 Peter 2:21), drawing strength from His example and the power of His resurrection (Philippians 3:10). Thus, our ability to endure unjust suffering with a God-ward conscience is not merely an act of human fortitude, but a participation in the suffering of Christ, by which we are conformed to His image and demonstrate the very grace He poured out for us (Colossians 1:24).