### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **bâchan**, represented by `{{H974}}`, is a primitive root meaning to **test**. Appearing **29 times** across **28 unique verses**, its core idea is to investigate, examine, or prove something, often using the imagery of testing metals for purity. This word encompasses actions of both God and man to determine the true nature or quality of a person, their words, or their heart.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In biblical usage, `{{H974}}` is frequently associated with God's examination of humanity. The LORD is described as one who **tries** the heart and reins, the innermost parts of a person, to assess their true character ([[Jeremiah 17:10]], [[Proverbs 17:3]]). This testing is often compared to a refining process. God promises to **try** His people as gold is tried, to purify them through fire [[Zechariah 13:9]]. Job expresses confidence that after God has **tried** him, he will "come forth as gold" [[Job 23:10]]. The word is also used in the context of a challenge, where God invites His people to **prove** Him through their obedience in tithing [[Malachi 3:10]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help illuminate the concept of divine and human examination:
* `{{H6884}}` **tsâraph** (to fuse (metal), i.e. refine): This word is often used in parallel with **bâchan**, emphasizing the purifying outcome of a trial. It appears in contexts where God melts and tries His people to refine them like silver ([[Jeremiah 9:7]], [[Psalms 66:10]]).
* `{{H2713}}` **châqar** (to penetrate; hence, to examine intimately): This term describes a deep, intimate investigation. It is paired with **bâchan** in prayers asking God to "search me... and try me," signifying a request for a thorough internal examination [[Psalms 139:23]].
* `{{H5254}}` **nâçâh** (to test; by implication, to attempt): While similar to **bâchan**, **nâçâh** often carries the sense of testing through hardship or a specific ordeal. It is used alongside **bâchan** in the plea, "Examine me, O LORD, and prove me" [[Psalms 26:2]].
* `{{H3820}}` **lêb** (the heart): This word for the heart, feelings, and intellect is a frequent object of the action of **bâchan**. God is repeatedly said to be the one who "trieth the hearts" [[Proverbs 17:3]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H974}}` is significant, revealing key aspects of God's relationship with humanity.
* **Divine Scrutiny:** God's knowledge is not superficial; He actively **tries** the heart to know its true state [[1 Chronicles 29:17]]. This examination is the basis for His righteous judgment, as He gives to every person according to their ways [[Jeremiah 17:10]].
* **Purification Through Trial:** The tests orchestrated by God are not for destruction but for refinement. Like a goldsmith, God uses trials to **try** His people, purging away impurity so they can be purified ([[Zechariah 13:9]], [[Jeremiah 9:7]]).
* **Distinguishing the Righteous:** God **tries** the righteous to establish their standing, while hating the wicked [[Psalms 11:5]]. The trial itself, whether of a person or their words, serves to reveal truth and expose falsehood [[Genesis 42:16]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H974}}` provides a powerful metaphor for examination and validation. It moves beyond a simple test to describe a process of deep, internal scrutiny and purification. Whether used for the refining of precious metals, God's examination of the human heart, or the testing of one's integrity, **bâchan** underscores the biblical theme that true character is revealed and proven through trial.
TRV