### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Aramaic word **ʼeshtaddûwr**, represented by `{{H849}}`, specifically means **rebellion; sedition**. It is a rare term, appearing only **2 times** in **2 unique verses** in the book of Ezra. Its usage is confined to a context of political accusation, where it describes active revolt or conspiracy against a ruling authority.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
Both occurrences of `{{H849}}` are found in accusations leveled against the inhabitants of Jerusalem to halt the rebuilding of the city. In a letter to King Artaxerxes, adversaries claim that a search of the historical records will reveal Jerusalem to be a rebellious city where people have "moved **sedition**" from ancient times [[Ezra 4:15]]. After the king orders a search, he confirms the report, stating it was found that "rebellion and **sedition** have been made" in the city, which has a history of making "insurrection against kings" [[Ezra 4:19]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related Aramaic words provide a fuller picture of the charge of rebellion:
* `{{H4776}}` **mᵉrad** (rebellion; rebellion): This noun appears alongside `{{H849}}` to describe the historical character of Jerusalem, stating that "**rebellion** and sedition have been made therein" [[Ezra 4:19]].
* `{{H4779}}` **mârâd** (rebellious; rebellious): This adjective is used to brand Jerusalem as a "**rebellious** city" in the official complaint to the king [[Ezra 4:15]].
* `{{H5376}}` **nᵉsâʼ** (carry away, make insurrection, take): This verb describes the specific action taken against rulers, noting the city "hath made **insurrection** against kings" [[Ezra 4:19]].
* `{{H1240}}` **bᵉqar** (inquire, make search): This action is the basis for uncovering the alleged sedition, as a "**search**" of the records is commanded to verify the claims ([[Ezra 4:15]], [[Ezra 4:19]]).
* `{{H5648}}` **ʻăbad** (to do, make, prepare, keep, etc.): This verb is used to express the carrying out of the act, as in "moved **sedition**" [[Ezra 4:15]] and that sedition had "been **made**" [[Ezra 4:19]].
### Theological Significance
The significance of `{{H849}}` is primarily political and historical rather than theological. It serves as a key term in the conflict surrounding the restoration of Jerusalem after the exile.
* **A Tool of Opposition:** The charge of **sedition** is the legal and political weapon used by the enemies of Judah to stop the work of rebuilding the city and its walls.
* **Historical Precedent:** The accusation relies on appealing to "the book of the records" [[Ezra 4:15]], attempting to use past events as justification for present opposition.
* **Royal Authority:** The word's context revolves entirely around loyalty and threat to the crown, highlighting the precarious political situation of the returning exiles under Persian rule.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H849}}` **ʼeshtaddûwr** is a precise term for political **sedition**. Its limited use in the Bible is concentrated in the book of Ezra, where it functions as the central accusation against Jerusalem. The term illustrates how charges of rebellion and disloyalty, supported by a network of related words and an appeal to historical records, were employed as a powerful strategy to obstruct the divinely-mandated rebuilding of the city.
TRV