### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word H8048, transliterated as *Shammâh*, functions exclusively as a proper noun in the biblical text, referring to several distinct individuals. Its base definition, as provided by Strong's, indicates it is "the same as שַׁמָּה," pointing to a connection with `{{H8077}}` (*shammâh*), which means "desolation," "astonishment," or "waste." This common noun `{{H8077}}` is derived from the verb `{{H8074}}` ( *shāmēm*), meaning "to be desolate," "to be appalled," or "to be laid waste." Therefore, while H8048 is a personal name, its etymological root suggests a semantic range encompassing concepts of desolation, astonishment, or perhaps one who is desolate or causes astonishment. However, the biblical narrative does not explicitly draw attention to this etymological connection in the lives of those bearing the name. Its primary function is identification.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The name *Shammâh* (H8048) appears in the Old Testament referring to at least five different individuals:
1. **Shammah, Son of Reuel, Grandson of Esau:** This Shammah is an Edomite chief, a descendant of Esau through his son Reuel. He is listed among the chiefs (alluphim) of Edom, signifying a position of leadership within the Edomite clans. His appearances are found in [[Genesis 36:13]], [[Genesis 36:17]], and [[1 Chronicles 1:37]]. His inclusion highlights the genealogical lineage of Esau and the establishment of the Edomite nation, often in tension with Israel.
2. **Shammah, Son of Jesse, Brother of David:** This Shammah is the third son of Jesse, making him an older brother of King David. He is present when Samuel comes to anoint a king from Jesse's sons, but like his older brothers, he is passed over in favor of David, demonstrating God's choice based on the heart rather than outward appearance ([[1 Samuel 16:9]]). He is also mentioned among David's brothers who go to war against the Philistines ([[1 Samuel 17:13]]). Notably, he is sometimes referred to by slightly different names, such as Shimei (`{{H8096}}`) in [[2 Samuel 16:5]] and Shimea (`{{H8093}}`) in [[1 Chronicles 2:13]], reflecting scribal variations or alternative forms of the name.
3. **Shammah, the Hararite, One of David's Mighty Men:** This Shammah is renowned for his extraordinary valor. He is listed among "the three mighty men" of David's elite warriors, alongside Jashobeam and Eleazar. His specific feat recorded is standing his ground alone against the Philistines in a field of lentils, achieving a great victory when the rest of the Israelite army had fled ([[2 Samuel 23:11-12]]). This act of courage and faith secured a significant deliverance for Israel.
4. **Shammah, the Harodite, One of David's Thirty Mighty Men:** This Shammah is listed among "the thirty" valiant men of David's army ([[2 Samuel 23:25]]). He is identified by his epithet, "the Harodite." In the parallel passage in [[1 Chronicles 11:27]], he is called "Shammoth the Harorite," possibly indicating a variant name or a distinct individual, though many scholars consider them the same person with textual variations. His inclusion signifies his status as a trusted and capable warrior in David's service.
5. **Shammah, a Korahite Levite:** Listed among David's mighty men in [[1 Chronicles 11:44]], this Shammah is identified as a Korahite. While some commentators attempt to reconcile him with the Harodite/Harorite Shammah, the distinct lineage (Levite) suggests he may be a separate individual. His presence among the mighty men highlights the diverse backgrounds of those who served David with distinction.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary linguistic connections for H8048 are:
* `{{H8077}}` (*shammâh*): The common noun meaning "desolation," "astonishment," "horror." This is the root from which the proper name derives its etymological meaning.
* `{{H8074}}` (*shāmēm*): The verbal root meaning "to be desolate," "to be appalled," "to be astonished."
* `{{H8093}}` (*Shim'a*): Shimea, an alternative name for Shammah, David's brother, found in [[1 Chronicles 2:13]].
* `{{H8096}}` (*Shim'i*): Shimei, another alternative name for Shammah, David's brother, found in [[2 Samuel 16:5]].
The concept of proper names carrying an underlying meaning is common in Hebrew, often reflecting circumstances of birth, a parent's hope, or a prophetic insight. While the name *Shammâh* etymologically points to "desolation," the individuals bearing this name are generally portrayed in positive or neutral lights within the biblical narrative, serving significant roles in their respective contexts.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of H8048 is primarily derived from the roles played by the individuals who bore this name in God's redemptive plan.
The Edomite Shammah, as a chief, represents the ongoing historical and national reality of Edom, a people intrinsically linked to Israel through Esau, yet often in opposition. Their presence in the biblical genealogies underscores the breadth of God's sovereign ordering of nations and the fulfillment of the promises and prophecies concerning both Jacob and Esau.
Shammah, David's brother, serves as a quiet but important figure in the narrative of David's anointing. His being passed over, along with his elder brothers, emphasizes God's unique criteria for choosing His servants – not outward appearance or human expectation, but the condition of the heart ([[1 Samuel 16:7]]). This highlights divine sovereignty and the unexpected nature of God's election.
The various Shammahs who served as David's mighty men embody the virtues of loyalty, courage, and unwavering commitment to God's anointed king. The Hararite Shammah's singular act of valor in the lentil field ([[2 Samuel 23:11-12]]) stands as a powerful testament to faith and courage in the face of overwhelming odds. It illustrates how God can grant great victory through the faithfulness of even one individual. These mighty men, including Shammah, were instrumental in establishing and securing David's kingdom, which served as a type and shadow of the coming Messiah's eternal reign. Their dedication reflects the spirit of those who faithfully serve God's purposes.
Though the name's etymology suggests "desolation," the biblical narrative does not depict these figures as embodying such a state. Rather, they are integral parts of the unfolding divine drama, demonstrating that God uses individuals from various backgrounds and with various names to accomplish His will, often in ways that bring honor and strength to His people.
### Summary
H8048, *Shammâh*, is a Hebrew proper noun designating at least five distinct individuals in the Old Testament. Etymologically, it is linked to the common noun `{{H8077}}` meaning "desolation" or "astonishment," derived from the verb `{{H8074}}` "to be desolate." However, in the biblical narrative, the name's meaning does not overtly define the characters' roles or fates. The individuals named Shammah include an Edomite chief, a brother of King David, and multiple valiant warriors in David's elite forces. Their significance lies in their specific contributions to biblical history: the Edomite Shammah in the lineage of Esau, David's brother Shammah in the narrative of divine election, and the mighty men Shammah in their display of extraordinary courage and loyalty in service to God's chosen king. Through these individuals, the Scriptures illustrate themes of divine sovereignty, faithful service, and the establishment of God's purposes through human agents.
TRV