The Hebrew word shôham, represented by H7718, refers to a gem, identified as onyx or possibly beryl. It appears 11 times across 11 unique verses in the Bible. This precious stone is consistently associated with great value, divine settings like Eden, and sacred items used in the worship of God.
Biblically, H7718 is established as a valuable material from the earliest accounts. It is found in the land where there is good gold Genesis 2:12 and was one of the precious stones in Eden Ezekiel 28:13. Its most prominent role is in the construction of the high priest's garments. Two onyx stones were engraved with the names of the children of Israel and placed on the ephod (Exodus 28:9, Exodus 39:6). It was also set as a stone in the fourth row of the breastplate (Exodus 28:20, Exodus 39:13). The stone was considered so valuable that it was brought by the rulers for the ephod and breastplate Exodus 35:27 and prepared by David in abundance for the building of God's house 1 Chronicles 29:2. Its worth is highlighted in Job, where wisdom cannot be valued with the precious onyx Job 28:16.
Several related words clarify the context and significance of shôham:
- H68 ʼeben (stone): This word is almost always used with shôham, as in "onyx stone" Genesis 2:12. It is defined simply as a stone and forms the basis for its physical description.
- H4394 milluʼ (stones to be set): This term describes the function of the onyx stones gathered for the tabernacle, specifying they are "stones to be set" for the ephod and breastplate Exodus 25:7. It also means consecration, highlighting the stone's sacred purpose.
- H4865 mishbᵉtsâh (ouches): The onyx stones on the priest's ephod were set in "ouches of gold" Exodus 39:6. This term refers to a brocade or a reticulated setting for a gem.
- H3368 yâqâr (precious): This adjective is used to describe the onyx in Job 28:16 and the collection of stones it is part of in Ezekiel 28:13 and 1 Chronicles 29:2, confirming its status as a valuable and costly object.
The theological significance of H7718 is demonstrated through its specific applications in Scripture:
- Symbol of Divine Value and Creation: Mentioned alongside gold and bdellium in the land of Havilah Genesis 2:12 and as part of the covering in Eden Ezekiel 28:13, the onyx represents primordial wealth and the perfection of God's original creation.
- Representation of God's People: The two onyx stones on the shoulders of the high priest's ephod were engraved with the names of the children of Israel Exodus 28:9. This established them as memorial stones, carrying the people symbolically before the Lord.
- Material for Holy Service: The onyx was a key component specified for the sacred ephod and breastplate (Exodus 25:7, Exodus 35:9, Exodus 35:27). It was also among the precious materials David prepared for the house of God, showing its fitness as an offering for a holy purpose 1 Chronicles 29:2.
In summary, H7718 shôham is far more than a decorative gem. It is a stone of significant value, first appearing in the context of the created world's treasures. Its primary importance, however, lies in its consecration for use in the high priest's vestments, where it serves as a lasting symbol, bearing the names of the tribes of Israel. From a valuable commodity to a sacred vessel of representation, the onyx stone illustrates how precious materials were set apart for the service and glory of God.
TRV