or עַתֻּד; from עָתַד; prepared, i.e. full grown; spoken only (in plural) of he-goats, or (figuratively) leaders of the people; chief one, (he) goat, ram.
Transliteration:ʻattûwd
Pronunciation:at-tood'
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew term `{{H6260}}` (ʻattûwd), also appearing as עַתֻּד, derives from the root `{{H6259}}` (ʻātad), which signifies "to be ready, prepared, or appointed." This foundational meaning imbues `{{H6260}}` with the sense of something "prepared" or "full-grown." In its most concrete application, `{{H6260}}` refers exclusively to mature, full-grown male goats, often translated as "he-goats" or "rams" (though specifically caprine, not ovine). The term consistently appears in the plural form, highlighting a collective or group of such animals.
Beyond its literal zoological meaning, `{{H6260}}` carries a potent figurative sense. By extension from the idea of "full-grown" or "prepared," it is metaphorically applied to human leaders, chiefs, or prominent figures within a society. These individuals are seen as "prepared" for their roles, often standing out from the general populace. Thus, its semantic range encompasses both the literal animal and the symbolic representation of authority and leadership.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The usage of `{{H6260}}` in the Hebrew Bible consistently reflects its dual literal and figurative meanings, always appearing in the plural.
Literally, `{{H6260}}` denotes he-goats, particularly in contexts related to animal husbandry, flocks, or cultic practices. For instance, in [[Genesis 31:10]] and [[Genesis 31:12]], Jacob observes the ʻattûdim among the flock, indicating their role in breeding. Similarly, in [[Leviticus 16:5]], `{{H6260}}` appears in the context of the Day of Atonement, where two he-goats are designated for specific sacrificial rites. This highlights their importance within the ritual economy of ancient Israel, often signifying mature animals suitable for sacrifice or contributing to the vitality of a flock.
Figuratively, `{{H6260}}` serves as a powerful metaphor for leaders, rulers, or influential figures, often with a critical or condemnatory tone. Prophets frequently employ this imagery to describe those in positions of authority who have failed in their responsibilities. In [[Isaiah 14:9]], the underworld is depicted as stirred up to meet the "chief ones" (referring to kings and leaders) upon their demise. [[Jeremiah 50:8]] uses `{{H6260}}` to refer to the leaders of Babylon, urging the people to flee from them. Most strikingly, [[Zechariah 10:3]] prophesies divine judgment against the "shepherds" (leaders) and the ʻattûdim (chief ones), indicating their culpability in leading the flock (the people) astray. This figurative use underscores the immense responsibility of leadership and the consequences of moral and spiritual failure.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary linguistic connection for `{{H6260}}` is its root, `{{H6259}}` (ʻātad), which means "to be ready, prepared, or appointed." This root establishes the core idea of suitability or readiness inherent in `{{H6260}}`.
In the animal kingdom, `{{H6260}}` stands alongside other terms for caprine and ovine species, such as עֵז (ʻēz, `{{H5795}}`, "she-goat"), שָׂעִיר (saʻir, `{{H8163}}`, "hairy goat" or "satyr"), and כֶּבֶשׂ (keves, `{{H3532}}`, "lamb"). While all refer to goats, `{{H6260}}` specifically denotes the mature male, often carrying connotations of strength and prominence.
The figurative use of `{{H6260}}` as "leaders" connects it to a broader lexicon of leadership terms in Hebrew, including נָשִׂיא (nāśîʼ, `{{H5387}}`, "prince" or "leader"), שַׂר (sar, `{{H8269}}`, "chief" or "prince"), and מֶלֶךְ (melekh, `{{H4428}}`, "king"). However, `{{H6260}}` often carries a more pointed, critical nuance when applied to human leaders, suggesting a leadership that is either self-appointed, oppressive, or failing in its divinely ordained duties. The imagery of "goats" as distinct from "sheep" (e.g., [[Matthew 25:32-33]] in the New Testament, though using a different Greek term `{{G2055}}`) also resonates with the idea of separation or judgment, where the "goats" represent those who are rejected.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{H6260}}` is multifaceted, stemming from both its literal and figurative applications.
Literally, as mature he-goats, `{{H6260}}` highlights the importance of livestock in the economic and cultic life of Israel. These animals were essential for sustenance, wealth, and, critically, for sacrificial offerings that facilitated atonement and communion with God. The "full-grown" aspect implies their suitability and value for these sacred purposes, emphasizing the offering of the best to the Lord.
Figuratively, `{{H6260}}` carries profound theological weight, particularly in prophetic literature. When applied to human leaders, it serves as a powerful critique of unrighteous or oppressive authority. These "chief ones" are divinely appointed or permitted to lead, thus "prepared" for their roles. However, when they exploit their position, neglect their flock, or lead the people astray, they become objects of divine judgment. The metaphor underscores the principle that leadership is a stewardship from God, and those in authority are accountable for their actions. The prophetic use of `{{H6260}}` often foreshadows God's intervention to remove corrupt leaders and establish righteous ones, ultimately pointing to God's sovereign control over nations and their rulers. It reinforces the biblical emphasis on just governance and the welfare of God's people.
### Summary
The Hebrew term `{{H6260}}` (ʻattûwd), derived from the root "to be prepared," primarily denotes mature, full-grown he-goats. This literal meaning is consistent in contexts of animal husbandry and cultic sacrifice, where these animals were valued for their readiness and suitability. Crucially, `{{H6260}}` also functions as a potent metaphor for human leaders, chiefs, or prominent figures. In this figurative sense, it often appears in prophetic warnings and condemnations, highlighting the moral failings of those "prepared" to lead but who have misused their authority. Always appearing in the plural, `{{H6260}}` encapsulates the dual reality of valuable livestock and the weighty, often corrupted, responsibility of leadership, underscoring God's ultimate judgment on those who fail to shepherd His people righteously.
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