### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **ʼâlâh**, represented by `{{H423}}`, describes **an imprecation**, a term that carries the dual meaning of a **curse** and a solemn **oath**. It appears 36 times across 32 unique verses in the Bible. This word signifies a binding declaration that invokes consequences, whether as a judgment for disobedience or as a self-imposed obligation within a covenant.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H423}}` is used to define the severe consequences of sin and the serious nature of covenant agreements. When Israel transgressed God's law, the result was a **curse** `{{H423}}` being poured out upon them [[Daniel 9:11]]. Disobedience would make the people an **execration** `{{H423}}` and a reproach among the nations [[Jeremiah 42:18]]. Conversely, it is also the term used when the people willingly entered into a covenant, binding themselves with a **curse** `{{H423}}` and an **oath** `{{H7621}}` to follow God's law [[Nehemiah 10:29]]. It even functions in treaties between men, such as the **oath** `{{H423}}` established between Abimelech and Isaac [[Genesis 26:28]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words expand upon the concepts of oaths, curses, and their causes:
* `{{H7621}}` **shᵉbûwʻâh** (oath): Often appearing alongside `{{H423}}`, this word specifies something sworn. In [[Numbers 5:21]], a priest charges a woman with an **oath** `{{H7621}}` of **cursing** `{{H423}}`.
* `{{H7045}}` **qᵉlâlâh** (curse): This term for vilification is used with `{{H423}}` to emphasize the totality of judgment. Disobedient people would become an **execration** `{{H423}}`, an astonishment, a **curse** `{{H7045}}`, and a reproach [[Jeremiah 42:18]].
* `{{H4603}}` **mâʻal** (transgress, trespass): This word describes the treacherous act that often invokes the **curse**. In the trial of a suspected adulteress, if she has done **trespass** `{{H4603}}`, she becomes a **curse** `{{H423}}` among her people [[Numbers 5:27]].
* `{{H7650}}` **shâbaʻ** (swear): This verb denotes the action of making an oath. A flying scroll is described as the **curse** `{{H423}}` that will cut off everyone who steals and everyone that **sweareth** `{{H7650}}` falsely [[Zechariah 5:3]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H423}}` is significant, highlighting the relationship between divine law, human responsibility, and divine justice.
* **Covenantal Consequences:** The word is central to understanding the terms of God's covenants. Entering into a covenant with God also meant entering into His **oath** `{{H423}}`, thereby accepting the curses for disobedience [[Deuteronomy 29:12]].
* **The Weight of Words:** **ʼâlâh** underscores the gravity of spoken oaths and curses. It is seen in the sin of the mouth, which is full of **cursing** `{{H423}}` and deceit [[Psalms 10:7]], and in the legal requirement to testify when one hears the voice of **swearing** `{{H423}}` [[Leviticus 5:1]].
* **Divine Judgment:** The **curse** is not a random misfortune but an active instrument of God's judgment. It is "poured" out [[Daniel 9:11]], "devours" the earth [[Isaiah 24:6]], and is "written" in God's book to be set upon the disobedient [[Deuteronomy 29:20]].
* **Breaking Faith:** Despising an **oath** `{{H423}}` is presented as a grave sin equivalent to breaking a covenant, leading to death and judgment ([[Ezekiel 16:59]], [[Ezekiel 17:16]]).
### Summary
In summary, `{{H423}}` is a powerful word that connects cause and effect in a moral and spiritual universe. It represents both the solemnity of an oath that binds a person to a promise and the terrible reality of a curse that follows transgression. Whether as a self-maledictory vow or a divine sentence, **ʼâlâh** demonstrates the profound seriousness with which scripture treats covenants, promises, and disobedience to God's law.
TRV