from יָסַד; a foundation (literally or figuratively); bottom, foundation, repairing
Transliteration:yᵉçôwd
Pronunciation:yes-ode'
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew noun יְסוֹד (yᵉçôwd), Strong's `{{H3247}}`, is derived from the verbal root יָסַד (yāsaḏ), `{{H3245}}`, meaning "to found, establish, lay a foundation." This etymological connection immediately situates יְסוֹד within the semantic field of origin, stability, and permanence. Primarily, יְסוֹד denotes a "foundation" in a literal, architectural sense, referring to the lowest and most crucial part of a structure upon which the entire edifice rests. This includes the foundations of buildings, walls, or altars.
Beyond its literal application, יְסוֹד extends metaphorically to represent the underlying basis, principle, or origin of something abstract. It can signify the fundamental elements or enduring truths upon which a system, covenant, or even the created order is established. The definition also includes "bottom," indicating the lowest part or base of an object, and "repairing," which likely refers to the act of laying a new foundation or restoring an existing one as part of a rebuilding or restoration effort, emphasizing the re-establishment of a secure base.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term יְסוֹד appears in various significant contexts throughout the Hebrew Bible, illuminating its diverse applications. In its most concrete sense, it refers to the physical foundation of structures. For instance, in the construction of Solomon's Temple, the laying of the "foundation" (יְסוֹד) was a momentous event, symbolizing the establishment of God's dwelling place among His people ([[1 Kings 5:17]]). Similarly, it is used for the foundations of city walls, crucial for defense and stability, as seen in the rebuilding efforts after the exile ([[Ezra 3:10]]). The strength and integrity of these physical foundations were paramount for the longevity and security of the structures they supported.
Figuratively, יְסוֹד often describes the foundational elements of the cosmos. God is depicted as the one who "laid the foundation" (יָסַד, the root verb, with יְסוֹד implied or used in related contexts) of the earth, emphasizing His sovereign power and meticulous design in creation ([[Job 38:4]]). This usage underscores the divine origin and inherent order of the universe. In poetic and wisdom literature, the concept extends to the "foundations" of the earth or the mountains, which can be shaken or destroyed, symbolizing cosmic upheaval or divine judgment when righteousness is abandoned ([[Psalm 11:3]]). The destruction of foundations implies a complete collapse of order and stability. Conversely, the idea of a "sure foundation" (often using related terms like אֶבֶן פִּנָּה, cornerstone, or other words for foundation) signifies divine faithfulness and security, particularly in prophetic visions of Zion's enduring nature ([[Isaiah 28:16]]). The nuanced meaning of "repairing" (יְסוֹד) can be seen in contexts of restoration, where the re-establishment of a strong base signifies renewal and hope after desolation.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary linguistic relation for יְסוֹד (`{{H3247}}`) is its verbal root, יָסַד (yāsaḏ, `{{H3245}}`), which means "to found, establish, lay a foundation." This root highlights the active process of establishing the base that יְסוֹד represents. Another related noun is יְסוּדָה (yᵉsûḏâ, `{{H3246}}`), a feminine form also meaning "foundation."
Other Hebrew terms that share a semantic connection with יְסוֹד in the context of foundations and bases include:
* מַסָּד (massāḏ, `{{H4527}}`): Often used in the plural, מַסָּדוֹת, to refer to "foundations," particularly in poetic descriptions of the earth's foundations or the bases of pillars.
* אֶבֶן פִּנָּה (ʾeven pinnāh): "Cornerstone" (`{{H68}}` for stone, `{{H6438}}` for corner), a specific and highly significant type of foundation stone that unites two walls and provides structural integrity. While distinct, it is intrinsically linked to the concept of a foundation.
The concept of "foundation" is also intertwined with broader theological ideas such as:
* **Stability and Permanence:** The enduring nature of God's creation and His covenant.
* **Divine Sovereignty and Order:** God as the architect of the universe and the establisher of moral and cosmic laws.
* **Justice and Righteousness:** Often depicted as the "foundations" of God's throne or His kingdom.
* **Security and Refuge:** The idea of a firm foundation providing safety and assurance.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of יְסוֹד (`{{H3247}}`) is profound, extending beyond mere architectural terminology to encapsulate fundamental truths about God, creation, and covenant.
Firstly, יְסוֹד powerfully conveys God's role as the ultimate Creator and Sustainer. The imagery of God "laying the foundations" of the earth and heavens underscores His omnipotence, wisdom, and meticulous design in establishing the cosmos. This act signifies divine order and the inherent stability of creation, which rests upon His decree and power. It evokes a sense of awe at the divine architect.
Secondly, the foundation of the Temple (or tabernacle) represents the stability and permanence of God's presence among His people. The physical foundation of this sacred space symbolizes the unwavering nature of God's covenant relationship with Israel and His commitment to dwell with them. It is the base upon which worship and communion with the Divine are built.
Thirdly, יְסוֹד speaks to the ethical and moral foundations of society and individual life. When the psalmist laments, "If the foundations are destroyed, what can the righteous do?" ([[Psalm 11:3]]), it points to the collapse of justice, truth, and moral order, which are seen as the underlying principles upon which a righteous society stands. This highlights the critical importance of upholding divine law and ethical standards as the true "foundations" of human flourishing. The destruction of these foundations leads to chaos and despair, emphasizing the necessity of a firm moral bedrock.
Finally, the concept of "repairing" or rebuilding foundations carries a strong theological message of hope and restoration. In contexts of national renewal, the re-establishment of foundations signifies God's faithfulness to restore His people and their land, providing a new, secure beginning after periods of judgment or exile. This speaks to God's redemptive power and His desire to re-establish order and blessing.
### Summary
The Hebrew word יְסוֹד (yᵉçôwd, `{{H3247}}`) fundamentally signifies a "foundation," encompassing both literal architectural bases and profound figurative underpinnings. Derived from the verb "to found" (`{{H3245}}`), it denotes the essential, stable, and often lowest part upon which something rests or is established. Its biblical occurrences range from the physical foundations of the Temple and city walls, symbolizing divine presence and human security, to the cosmic foundations of the earth, highlighting God's sovereign creative power. The term also extends to the metaphorical "foundations" of justice and righteousness, underscoring the critical importance of moral order. Theologically, יְסוֹד powerfully communicates God's role as the ultimate Creator and Sustainer, the unwavering nature of His covenant, the necessity of ethical principles, and the hope of divine restoration. It is a word that speaks to stability, origin, and the indispensable base upon which all enduring realities are built.
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