### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **chîytsôwn**, represented by `{{H2435}}`, refers to that which is **exterior** or on the **outer** side. Appearing **25 times** in **24 unique verses**, its meaning is derived from the concept of an outer wall. It describes what is physically outside a boundary and is also used figuratively to distinguish between the **secular** (as opposed to sacred) and the holy.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In scripture, `{{H2435}}` is frequently used in architectural contexts, particularly in Ezekiel's detailed vision of the temple. It consistently designates the **"outward court"** or **"utter court,"** an area accessible to the people, distinct from the holier, inner sections [[Ezekiel 40:17]]. This distinction is also seen in Solomon's temple, where decorations were applied both "within and **without**" [[1 Kings 6:29]]. Beyond sacred architecture, the term is used for civic structures, such as the **wall** `{{H2346}}` built "**without** the city of David" [[2 Chronicles 33:14]]. It also describes administrative duties that are external to the inner sanctuary, referred to as the **"outward business"** of the house of God [[Nehemiah 11:16]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words clarify the concept of "outer" space and its boundaries:
* `{{H2351}}` **chûwts** (outside, outdoors): This is the root concept from which **chîytsôwn** is derived, denoting the space that is external. Both words can appear together to emphasize a comprehensive boundary [[Ezekiel 41:17]].
* `{{H6442}}` **penîymîy** (interior): This word serves as a direct antonym, highlighting the contrast between the **"inner** court" and the **"utter** court" [[Ezekiel 42:3]] or the **"inner** house" and that which is **"without"** [[Ezekiel 41:17]].
* `{{H2346}}` **chôwmâh** (wall): This term for a protective wall often provides the physical line of separation that defines what is **without** `{{H2435}}`. For example, a **wall** was built **"without** the city of David" [[2 Chronicles 33:14]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H2435}}` lies in its function of separation and distinction within the covenant community.
* **Defining Sacred Space:** The word is crucial for understanding the tiered sanctity of the temple complex. The **"utter court"** is consistently marked as a space for the people, distinct from the inner areas where priests minister directly before God [[Ezekiel 46:20]].
* **Regulating Holiness:** Priestly regulations use `chîytsôwn` to manage the separation between the holy and the common. Priests were forbidden from wearing their sacred garments in the **"utter court"** lest they improperly **sanctify** `{{H6942}}` the people [[Ezekiel 44:19]].
* **Distinguishing Roles:** The term is applied figuratively to the **"outward business"** assigned to the Levites, such as roles for **officers** `{{H7860}}` and **judges** `{{H8199}}`. This distinguishes their administrative service to Israel from the liturgical service performed within the sanctuary itself [[1 Chronicles 26:29]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H2435}}` **chîytsôwn** is more than a simple directional word. It functions as a key descriptor for architectural and social boundaries. Primarily seen in the layout of the temple, it establishes a clear and vital distinction between the **outer** areas and the inner, holier spaces. Theologically, it underscores the separation between the sacred and the secular, governing both access to holy sites and the roles of leaders within Israel.
TRV