### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **chôwthâm**, represented by `{{H2368}}`, refers to a **seal** or **signet**. It appears **14 times** across **13 unique verses** in the Bible. Derived from a root meaning to seal, this word signifies a signature-ring or an instrument used to impress a mark, symbolizing authority, ownership, and authenticity.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In scripture, `{{H2368}}` is used to denote both literal objects and powerful metaphors. It represents royal authority, as when letters were sealed with the king's **seal** to validate a decree [[1 Kings 21:8]]. It also functions as a valuable **pledge**, seen when Judah gives his **signet** to Tamar [[Genesis 38:18]]. In a sacred context, the instructions for the high priest's garments command that engravings be made "like the engravings of a **signet**," bearing the names of the tribes of Israel and the phrase "HOLINESS TO THE LORD" ([[Exodus 28:11]], [[Exodus 28:36]]). Metaphorically, it expresses deep intimacy and possession in [[Song of Solomon 8:6]], "Set me as a **seal** upon thine heart," and represents God's chosen leader in [[Haggai 2:23]], where the LORD promises to make Zerubbabel "as a **signet**." Conversely, it can signify rejection, as God declares He would pluck King Coniah from His hand even if he were the **signet** upon it [[Jeremiah 22:24]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words expand upon the concept of sealing and identification:
* `{{H2856}}` **châtham** (a primitive root; to close up; especially to seal; make an end, mark, seal (up), stop): As the root verb, this word describes the action of using a `{{H2368}}` seal to close or mark something, seen when Jezebel **sealed** letters with Ahab's seal [[1 Kings 21:8]].
* `{{H6603}}` **pittûwach** (sculpture (in low or high relief or even intaglio); carved (work) (are, en-) grave(-ing, -n)): This term is directly linked to the artistry of a signet, often appearing in the phrase "like the **engravings** of a signet" when describing the sacred inscriptions on the priest's garments ([[Exodus 28:21]], [[Exodus 28:36]]).
* `{{H8034}}` **shêm** (an appellation, as amark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority, character): A signet's purpose is to impress a mark of identity, and scripture describes the **names** of the children of Israel being engraved on stones like a signet, signifying their unique identities before God ([[Exodus 28:11]], [[Exodus 39:14]]).
* `{{H6162}}` **ʻărâbôwn** (a pawn (given as security); pledge): This word highlights the value of a signet, as it is used as a **pledge** in [[Genesis 38:18]], demonstrating that a seal was a personal and valuable item used to guarantee a promise.
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H2368}}` is significant and multifaceted:
* **Mark of Divine Ownership and Consecration:** The use of signet-style engravings on the high priest's attire, bearing the names of Israel's `{{H3478}}` tribes and the dedication "HOLINESS TO THE LORD" `{{H6944}}`, establishes the seal as a symbol of God's chosen people and their sacred status ([[Exodus 28:21]], [[Exodus 28:36]]).
* **Symbol of Divine Authority and Election:** God's declaration to make Zerubbabel His **signet** signifies divine appointment and favor, restoring a position of honor and authority [[Haggai 2:23]]. This contrasts sharply with the rejection of King Coniah, showing that the status of being a **signet** is dependent on God's choice [[Jeremiah 22:24]].
* **Metaphor for Cherished Value and Intimacy:** In [[Song of Solomon 8:6]], the plea to be set as a **seal** upon the heart `{{H3820}}` and arm `{{H2220}}` transforms the object into a profound symbol of love, belonging, and inseparability.
* **Instrument of Divine Impression:** The imagery in [[Job 38:14]], where the earth is "turned as clay `{{H2563}}` to the **seal**," illustrates a theological concept of creation where God impresses His design and form upon the world, giving it structure and identity.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H2368}}` is far more than a simple object for making an impression. It is a cornerstone concept for understanding authority, identity, and value in the biblical world. From authenticating a royal command to symbolizing God's election of a leader and the intimate bond of love, the **seal** or **signet** serves as a powerful illustration of ownership, security, and divine relationship.