### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew noun `{{H1971}}` (hakkârâh) is derived from the root `{{H5234}}` (nâkar), which carries a rich semantic range encompassing "to recognize, acknowledge, discern, know, be acquainted with." It can also denote a more negative sense, such as "to treat as foreign," "to disfigure," or "to be estranged." The noun form, hakkârâh, specifically refers to the act or result of *making something recognizable* or *discernible*. While Strong's Concordance suggests meanings like "respect" or "partiality," these are likely extensions of the root's ability to "recognize" or "discern" in a biased manner. However, in its sole biblical occurrence, the word points more directly to an *outward manifestation* or *expression* that allows for recognition, particularly of an internal state. It signifies a visible sign or display.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term `{{H1971}}` (hakkârâh) appears only once in the Hebrew Bible, in [[Isaiah 3:9]]: "The show of their countenance doth witness against them; and they declare their sin as Sodom, they hide it not. Woe unto their soul! for they have rewarded evil unto themselves."
In this powerful prophetic indictment against Judah and Jerusalem, hakkârâh is translated as "show" or "expression" (of their countenance/face, פְּנֵיהֶם - peneihem). The context is one of profound moral decay and unrepentant sin. Isaiah declares that the people's sin is not merely an internal failing or a hidden act, but it is so pervasive and unashamed that it is visibly etched upon their faces. Their outward appearance, their very demeanor, serves as a damning witness against them. The word here denotes the *discernible manifestation* of their inner depravity. It is a brazen display, indicating a complete lack of shame or remorse, to the point where their sin is as openly declared as that of Sodom. This singular usage highlights hakkârâh as a powerful descriptor for the visible evidence of moral corruption.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary linguistic connection for `{{H1971}}` is its root, `{{H5234}}` (nâkar). This root is versatile, appearing in various Qal, Piel, and Hiphil forms to convey nuances of recognition, discernment, and acquaintance. For instance, it can mean "to recognize" a person ([[Genesis 27:23]]), "to discern" a pattern ([[1 Kings 18:43]]), or "to acknowledge" someone ([[Deuteronomy 21:17]]). The negative connotations can be seen in its use for "to treat as a foreigner" or "to disfigure" ([[Job 2:12]]). In the case of hakkârâh, the noun form draws upon the "discernment/recognition" aspect of the root, but applies it to an *outward sign* that *allows* for such discernment.
Other related concepts include:
* `{{H6440}}` (pānîm): "face" or "countenance," which is the object of hakkârâh in [[Isaiah 3:9]], emphasizing the visible aspect of their sin.
* `{{H5707}}` (ʿēd): "witness," and `{{H5713}}` (ʿēdûth): "testimony," as their countenance *witnesses* against them.
* The broader theological concept of *shamelessness* in sin, contrasting with the biblical call to repentance and humility.
### Theological Significance
The unique use of `{{H1971}}` in [[Isaiah 3:9]] carries profound theological weight. It speaks to:
* **The Pervasiveness of Sin:** Sin is not merely an act but can become so deeply ingrained that it alters one's very being, manifesting outwardly. The "show of their countenance" indicates a state of being where sin has become an identity, not merely an action.
* **Lack of Shame and Repentance:** The most striking aspect is the utter absence of shame. To "declare their sin as Sodom" implies a brazenness that defies divine law and human decency. This stands in stark contrast to a heart that is contrite and seeks to hide sin from God's wrath through confession and repentance.
* **Divine Omniscience and Judgment:** God sees beyond outward appearances to the heart, but also allows the inner state to be revealed outwardly. The visible hakkârâh serves as a tangible sign of their guilt, justifying the impending divine judgment ("Woe unto their soul!"). It underscores that nothing is hidden from the divine gaze, and even one's physical demeanor can betray their spiritual condition.
* **The Nature of Prophetic Indictment:** Isaiah uses this vivid image to underscore the severity of Judah's spiritual rebellion. It is a powerful rhetorical device to awaken the people to the depth of their depravity and the imminence of judgment.
### Summary
`{{H1971}}` (hakkârâh) is a rare but potent Hebrew noun, appearing solely in [[Isaiah 3:9]]. Derived from the root `{{H5234}}` (nâkar), meaning "to recognize" or "discern," hakkârâh signifies an "outward manifestation" or "discernible expression." In its singular biblical context, it vividly describes the brazen and unashamed display of sin on the faces of the people of Judah. This "show of their countenance" serves as a damning witness against them, highlighting their profound moral decay and lack of remorse. Theologically, hakkârâh underscores the pervasive nature of unrepentant sin, the absence of shame, and the inescapable reality of divine perception and impending judgment. It powerfully conveys how inner spiritual corruption can become outwardly visible, serving as a sign of a soul far removed from God's righteous path.
TRV