### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek adverb and preposition chōrís (`{{G5565}}`) fundamentally conveys the idea of separation, distinctness, or absence. Derived from chōra (`{{G5561}}`, 'place' or 'region'), it literally denotes being 'at a space' or 'apart from.' Its core semantic range encompasses being 'separate from,' 'without,' 'besides,' or 'independent of.' It marks a clear delineation between two entities or states, emphasizing the lack or exclusion of one in relation to the other. Depending on context, it can signify an absolute absence, a distinct independence, or an exclusion from a count or group.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
Chōrís appears frequently in the New Testament, often carrying significant theological weight. In [[John 1:3]], the declaration "All things came into being through Him, and apart from Him (chōrís) not one thing came into being that has come into being" underscores Christ's absolute necessity in creation, asserting that nothing exists independently of His creative agency. Similarly, [[John 15:5]] states, "for apart from Me (chōrís emou) you can do nothing," emphasizing the believer's utter dependence on Christ for spiritual fruitfulness.
Paul employs chōrís extensively in his theological arguments, particularly concerning justification. In [[Romans 3:21]], he proclaims "But now apart from the Law (chōrís nomou) the righteousness of God has been manifested," highlighting that God's righteousness is not achieved through legalistic observance but is a divine provision independent of human works. This is powerfully reiterated in [[Romans 3:28]], which states that "a person is justified by faith apart from the works of the Law (chōrís ergōn nomou)." This crucial Pauline usage establishes a fundamental theological distinction between grace and works, asserting that salvation is received solely through faith, unmerited by human effort.
In [[Ephesians 2:12]], the Gentiles are described as being "separate from Christ (chōrís Christou)," illustrating their former state of alienation from God's covenant people and promises, emphasizing their spiritual destitution prior to conversion. The word also appears in a more literal sense of exclusion or addition, as in [[Matthew 14:21]], where it differentiates "about five thousand men, besides (chōrís) women and children," indicating that the latter group was counted separately or in addition to the former. In [[Hebrews 9:28]], Christ is said to appear "a second time for salvation without (chōrís) sin," emphasizing the sinless nature of His return and the completed, perfect work of His atonement.
### Related Words & Concepts
Chōrís is related to chōra (`{{G5561}}`), meaning "place" or "region," and chōreō (`{{G5563}}`), meaning "to make room for" or "to go away." These etymological connections reinforce the core idea of distinct space or separation. Conceptually, chōrís stands in contrast to ideas of union, inclusion, and presence, such as those conveyed by prepositions like syn (`{{G4862}}`, "with") or en (`{{G1722}}`, "in"). Its usage often highlights the absence of something crucial, such as "without faith" ([[Hebrews 11:6]]) or "without shedding of blood" ([[Hebrews 9:22]]). The theological concept of *sola fide* (faith alone) is deeply embedded in the Pauline usage of chōrís in relation to justification.
### Theological Significance
The theological import of chōrís is profound, particularly in its role in articulating the doctrine of justification. Its repeated use in the context of justification (e.g., [[Romans 3:21]], [[Romans 3:28]], [[Romans 4:6]]) decisively establishes that salvation is by grace through faith *apart from* human merit or works of the Law. This highlights the radical nature of God's unmerited favor and the absolute sufficiency of Christ's atoning work, freeing humanity from the burden of earning righteousness.
Furthermore, chōrís underscores the absolute necessity of Christ for life, salvation, and creation, as seen in [[John 1:3]] and [[John 15:5]]. It portrays the dire spiritual condition of humanity when separated from God ([[Ephesians 2:12]]), emphasizing the transformative power of union with Christ. The word also points to the purity and completeness of Christ's redemptive work, being "without sin" ([[Hebrews 9:28]]) in His atoning sacrifice and His future appearance, ensuring the efficacy and perfection of His salvation.
### Summary
Chōrís (`{{G5565}}`) is a crucial Greek term signifying separation, absence, or distinct independence. Its biblical usage powerfully articulates fundamental theological truths: the absolute necessity of Christ in creation and for spiritual life; the doctrine of justification by faith alone, entirely apart from human works; the dire state of humanity alienated from God; and the sinless perfection of Christ's redemptive work. Through its precise delineation, chōrís magnifies the sufficiency of God's grace and the unique, indispensable role of Jesus Christ in salvation.
TRV