### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb `{{G5399}}` *phobéō* derives from the noun `{{G5401}}` *phóbos*, meaning "fear" or "dread." At its most basic level, *phobéō* signifies "to frighten" or, more commonly in the passive voice, "to be frightened," "to be alarmed," or "to be afraid." This connotation carries the sense of terror, dread, or apprehension in the face of danger, threat, or the unknown. However, the semantic range of *phobéō* extends significantly beyond mere terror. By analogy, and crucially in biblical theology, it also conveys the meaning "to be in awe of," "to revere," "to respect," or "to hold in profound veneration." This dual nature—fear as dread and fear as reverence—is fundamental to understanding its usage in the New Testament. The context invariably determines which shade of meaning is intended, often distinguishing between a natural, human response to perceived threat and a spiritual, righteous response to divine majesty.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
`{{G5399}}` *phobéō* appears frequently in the New Testament, illustrating its broad semantic range.
In its sense of *dread or apprehension*, it describes:
* The disciples' fear during a storm on the sea, leading them to cry out to Jesus ([[Matthew 8:26]], [[Mark 4:41]], [[Luke 8:25]]). Their fear is a natural human reaction to a life-threatening situation.
* The fear of people, such as the Pharisees fearing the crowds ([[Matthew 21:46]], [[Mark 11:32]], [[Luke 20:19]]), or the Jews fearing to speak openly about Jesus ([[John 7:13]]). This highlights a fear of human consequence or reprisal.
* The fear of punishment or judgment, as seen in the warning about a "certain fearful expectation of judgment" for those who willfully sin after receiving the knowledge of the truth ([[Hebrews 10:27]]).
In its sense of *reverential awe, respect, or worship*, it is most profoundly applied to God:
* Jesus instructs His disciples to "fear Him who, after He has killed, has authority to cast into hell; yes, I tell you, fear Him!" ([[Luke 12:5]]). This is not a cowering terror but a healthy, profound respect for God's ultimate authority and justice.
* The early church, after Peter's conversion of Cornelius, is described as walking "in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit" ([[Acts 9:31]]). Here, "fear of the Lord" signifies a life lived in reverent obedience and devotion.
* Paul exhorts believers to "work out your salvation with fear and trembling" ([[Philippians 2:12]]). This "fear and trembling" is an expression of profound humility and serious diligence in light of God's holiness and one's own dependence on Him.
* Wives are exhorted to "respect" their husbands ([[Ephesians 5:33]]), using *phobéō* to denote a proper, reverent regard rather than terror. Similarly, believers are to "fear God" and "honor the emperor" ([[1 Peter 2:17]]), distinguishing between divine reverence and civil respect.
* The call to "perfect holiness in the fear of God" ([[2 Corinthians 7:1]]) encapsulates the transformative power of reverential awe, leading to moral purity.
The imperative "Do not be afraid" (*mē phobéō*) is a recurring divine assurance, often spoken by angels or Jesus Himself, in moments of revelation or crisis, such as to Mary ([[Luke 1:30]]), the shepherds ([[Luke 2:10]]), or the disciples ([[Matthew 14:27]]). This command consistently reassures believers that God's presence and power negate the need for worldly fear.
### Related Words & Concepts
The most directly related word to `{{G5399}}` *phobéō* is its noun form, `{{G5401}}` *phóbos* (fear, dread, reverence). Understanding the noun's range of meaning directly informs the verb.
In contrast to a fear that paralyzes or torments, the New Testament often presents *faith* (`{{G4102}}` *pístis*) and *trust* as antidotes. Perfect *love* (`{{G26}}` *agápē*) is also presented as casting out fear that has to do with punishment ([[1 John 4:18]]). This indicates that the fear of a tormenting judgment is incompatible with a mature, loving relationship with God, while reverential fear remains.
The concept of "fear of the Lord" in the New Testament is deeply rooted in the Old Testament Hebrew concept of *yare'* (`{{H3372}}`), which likewise encompasses both terror and profound reverence. This connection is vital for understanding the continuity of biblical theology.
Other related concepts include *obedience*, *humility*, *worship*, and *respect for authority*, all of which are expressions or outcomes of the appropriate use of *phobéō*.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{G5399}}` *phobéō* is profound, particularly in its application to the "fear of the Lord." This is not an cowering terror of God but a profound, awe-filled reverence for His infinite power, holiness, justice, and love. It is a recognition of His absolute sovereignty and one's complete dependence upon Him. This reverential fear is foundational to true worship and obedience, serving as a powerful motivation for righteous living and a deterrent against sin. It is the proper response of finite humanity to the infinite Creator.
The recurring divine command "Do not be afraid" is equally significant. It reveals God's desire for His people to live in peace and confidence, trusting in His providential care rather than succumbing to worldly anxieties or the fear of human threats. This command often accompanies moments of divine intervention or revelation, assuring believers of God's presence and power to overcome any obstacle.
While perfect love casts out the fear of punishment ([[1 John 4:18]]), this does not negate the healthy, reverential fear of God. Rather, it distinguishes between a fear that anticipates condemnation and a fear that expresses profound respect and adoration. The "fear of the Lord" is consistently presented as a positive, life-giving principle, leading to wisdom ([[Proverbs 9:10]], though Old Testament, the principle holds true), spiritual growth, and a deeper relationship with God. It is a fear that purifies and sanctifies, rather than one that enslaves or paralyzes.
### Summary
The Greek verb `{{G5399}}` *phobéō* is a multifaceted term that encapsulates both the human experience of dread and the spiritual posture of reverential awe. While it can describe natural fear in the face of danger or human opposition, its most profound theological application is to the "fear of the Lord." This "fear" is not a tormenting terror but a deep, abiding reverence, respect, and awe for God's majesty, holiness, and authority. It is a foundational aspect of biblical faith, leading to obedience, worship, and a life lived in humility and devotion. Conversely, the frequent divine command "Do not be afraid" serves as a powerful assurance of God's protective presence, encouraging believers to trust in Him rather than succumbing to worldly anxieties. Thus, *phobéō* beautifully illustrates the dynamic tension between human vulnerability and divine sovereignty, ultimately pointing to a relationship with God characterized by both profound respect and unwavering trust.
TRV