The Greek word phobéō, represented by G5399, is derived from φόβος (phóbos) and conveys a range of meanings from being frightened or alarmed to being in awe or reverence. It appears 110 times across 90 unique verses, indicating its significant role in describing both human emotion and a proper posture toward God. Its definition includes to frighten, be alarmed, to be in awe of, and to revere.
While often denoting an immediate, visceral reaction to danger or the supernatural, G5399 also extends to a more considered apprehension or concern. This can be seen in Paul's expressions of pastoral anxiety for the churches, where he G5399 "fears" for their spiritual well-being, lest their minds be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ (2 Corinthians 11:3, Galatians 4:11). Here, the verb signifies a profound solicitude rather than terror, highlighting a sustained inward state of worry regarding potential negative outcomes. This indicates a broader semantic field beyond mere fright, encompassing a protective or apprehensive watchful concern for others.
In scripture, G5399 is used in several distinct contexts. It frequently appears as a divine command not to be afraid, often delivered by angels or Jesus to provide reassurance in overwhelming situations (Luke 1:30, Matthew 14:27). Conversely, it describes a natural human response of alarm to supernatural events or perilous circumstances, such as when the disciples feared the boisterous wind on the sea Matthew 14:30 or when the centurion feared greatly after the earthquake at the crucifixion Matthew 27:54. Most importantly, the Bible contrasts the fear of man with the fear of God, commanding believers to fear not those who can only kill the body, but to fear God who has power over the soul Matthew 10:28. This reverential fear is presented as a component of worship and right relationship with God Revelation 14:7.
The verb G5399 frequently describes the apprehension of individuals or groups towards earthly powers or social pressure. For instance, religious leaders often G5399 "feared" the multitude, preventing them from acting against Jesus or His followers (Matthew 14:5, Matthew 21:46, Mark 11:18, Luke 20:19). Similarly, Pilate's fear increased upon hearing certain claims about Jesus (John 19:8), and the parents of the man born blind G5399 "feared" the Jews and their agreement to excommunicate those who confessed Christ (John 9:22). This type of fear highlights the influence of societal and political dynamics on human behavior, often leading to compromise or inaction.
Another distinct usage of G5399 illustrates fear as a paralytic force, hindering righteous action or spiritual growth. The servant in the parable of the talents explicitly states, "I G5399 was afraid, and went and hid thy talent in the earth" (Matthew 25:25), demonstrating how fear of a master's perceived harshness led to unfaithfulness. Similarly, the disciples were sometimes G5399 "afraid" to ask Jesus for clarification on difficult sayings, indicating a reluctance born of apprehension (Mark 9:32, Luke 9:45). This reveals fear not merely as an emotion, but as a significant impediment to obedience, understanding, and faithful stewardship.
Several related words help clarify the multifaceted nature of fear and reverence:
- G5401 phóbos (alarm or fright): This noun is the root of phobéō and refers to the alarm or terror itself. Scripture states that perfect love casts out fear because fear involves torment 1 John 4:18.
- G2292 tharrhéō (to exercise courage): As a direct contrast to fear, this word denotes confidence and boldness. Believers can boldly say the Lord is their helper and they will not fear what man can do Hebrews 13:6.
- G5309 hypsēlophronéō (to be highminded): This term for arrogance is set in opposition to proper, godly fear. Believers standing by faith are explicitly warned not to be highminded, but instead to fear Romans 11:20.
- G1788 entrépō (to respect; or in a bad one, to confound): This word for reverence or regard is used to describe a judge who neither feared God nor regarded man, highlighting a lack of both divine awe and human respect Luke 18:2.
- G5398 phoberós (fearful): This adjective describes that which inspires fear or dread, often used in contexts of divine judgment or power, highlighting the awesome and potentially terrifying aspect of God's presence, which leads to G5399 fear.
- G5425 phríssō (to shudder): This term captures a strong physical reaction to intense fear or horror, often used in connection with demonic activity or profound spiritual truth, indicating an extreme form of G5399 fear that causes a bodily response.
The theological weight of G5399 is profound, shaping the believer's perspective on both God and the world.
- The Proper Object of Fear: Scripture makes a critical distinction, redirecting fear away from temporary, human threats and toward God, who holds eternal authority. The command is to fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell (Matthew 10:28, Luke 12:5).
- Reverence and Worship: Godly fear is not simply terror but a reverential awe that leads to worship and obedience. It is a foundational element of a right relationship with the Almighty, as those who fear God are called to give Him glory Revelation 14:7 and are accepted by Him Acts 10:35.
- Divine Reassurance: The repeated command "Fear not" is a cornerstone of God's comfort to His people. It is a declaration of His presence and power in moments of uncertainty and trial, spoken by angels to individuals like Zacharias and Mary (Luke 1:13, Luke 1:30) and by Jesus to His disciples Matthew 14:27.
- A Motivator for Right Conduct: The fear of God prompts righteous living. Servants are to obey their masters with "singleness of heart, fearing God" Colossians 3:22, and citizens are to be afraid of disobeying governing authorities who are ministers of God's wrath Romans 13:4.
- Pastoral Concern and Spiritual Vigilance: The concept of G5399 extends beyond personal emotion to describe the spiritual apprehension and concern of apostles for the well-being of their converts. Paul expresses his G5399 "fear" that the minds of believers might be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ, akin to Eve's deception (2 Corinthians 11:3). This highlights a theological imperative for leaders to maintain vigilance against spiritual dangers and false teachings, demonstrating a protective, loving fear for the flock.
- Humility in the Face of Grace: G5399 is presented as a necessary disposition for those who have received God's grace, contrasting with arrogance. In the context of Israel's rejection and the Gentiles' inclusion, believers are warned, "Be not highminded, but G5399 fear" (Romans 11:20). This theological point underscores that salvation by faith does not lead to presumption but to a humble, reverential fear of God's power and holiness, recognizing His sovereign ability to both graft in and cut off.
The Greek verb G5399 phobéō encapsulates a broad spectrum of human and divine interactions, ranging from intense alarm to profound reverence. It describes the natural human reaction to overwhelming circumstances, whether the dangers of a stormy sea (Matthew 14:30) or the awe-inspiring presence of the divine (Luke 2:9). This immediate fright is often met with God's comforting command, "Fear not," a recurring assurance of His presence and protection in moments of vulnerability (Luke 1:30, Matthew 14:27).
Beyond mere emotion, G5399 is critically employed to delineate a proper relationship with God. This "fear of God" is not terror but a reverential awe that compels worship, obedience, and righteous living (Revelation 14:7, Colossians 3:22). It stands in stark contrast to the debilitating fear of man or worldly authorities, which can lead to compromise or inaction (Matthew 10:28, John 9:22). Indeed, G5399 also describes a pastoral solicitude, as apostles express "fear" for the spiritual integrity of their congregations, guarding against corruption and apostasy (2 Corinthians 11:3).
The concept of G5399 serves as a potent motivator for humility and spiritual vigilance. Believers are exhorted to "fear" rather than be highminded, recognizing God's sovereignty and the constant need for dependence on His grace (Romans 11:20). This multifaceted term thus defines the believer's posture: a heart that acknowledges God's ultimate power and authority with profound reverence, while simultaneously finding solace and courage in His loving care, enabling them to overcome all other fears.
TRV