### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **tolmētḗs**, represented by `{{G5113}}`, is defined as a daring or audacious man, translated as **presumptuous**. Derived from the word τολμάω, it appears only **1 time** in **1 unique verse** in the Bible. Its rarity makes its single use highly specific, pointing to a particular kind of bold and arrogant individual.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The sole biblical context for `{{G5113}}` is in [[2 Peter 2:10]], where it describes false teachers who walk according to the flesh. The verse characterizes them as those who "despise government." It then states, "**Presumptuous** are they, selfwilled, they are not afraid to speak evil of dignities" [[2 Peter 2:10]]. This shows that the term is not used for positive courage but for a negative, defiant audacity against authority.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words found in its immediate context help to define the characteristics of a **tolmētḗs**:
* `{{G829}}` **authádēs** (self-pleasing, i.e. arrogant:--self-willed): This is used in direct conjunction with `{{G5113}}`, indicating that the presumptuous person is also fundamentally arrogant and **self-willed** [[2 Peter 2:10]].
* `{{G2706}}` **kataphronéō** (to think against, i.e. disesteem:--despise): This action is a precursor to the state of being presumptuous; these individuals **despise** government and authority [[2 Peter 2:10]].
* `{{G5141}}` **trémō** (to "tremble" or fear:--be afraid, trembling): The presumptuous are defined by their lack of appropriate fear, as they are "not **afraid**" to commit their offense [[2 Peter 2:10]].
* `{{G987}}` **blasphēméō** (to vilify; specially, to speak impiously...revile, speak evil): This is the specific audacious act committed; they **speak evil** of dignities without fear [[2 Peter 2:10]].
* `{{G1391}}` **dóxa** (glory...dignity, glory(-ious), honour, praise, worship): This is the object of their irreverence. Their presumption is demonstrated by speaking evil against these **dignities** [[2 Peter 2:10]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G5113}}` is concentrated in its sharp condemnation of a particular sinful attitude.
* **Rebellion Against Authority:** The term identifies a character that actively **despises** government and shows contempt for established order, which is a form of rebellion [[2 Peter 2:10]].
* **Arrogant Defiance:** It describes a state of being **self-willed** to the point of audaciousness. This is not godly courage but a reckless pride that is not **afraid** to challenge figures of honor.
* **Irreverence for the Glorious:** The core sin of the **presumptuous** person is to **speak evil** of **dignities**, revealing a heart that does not recognize or submit to God-ordained glory and honor.
### Summary
In summary, `{{G5113}}` provides a very specific and potent description of a negative character trait. It is more than just being bold; it is being **presumptuous**, **self-willed**, and audaciously defiant. Its single use in scripture serves as a clear warning against the arrogance that leads one to **despise** authority and fearlessly **speak evil** of what is worthy of honor and glory.
TRV