of Latin origin; a dagger-man or assassin; a freebooter (Jewish fanatic outlawed by the Romans):--murderer. Compare φονεύς.
Transliteration:sikários
Pronunciation:sik-ar'-ee-os
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek term σικάριος (`{{G4607}}`, *sikários*) is a direct transliteration of the Latin *sicarius*, meaning "dagger-man." Its core meaning denotes an assassin, specifically one who employs a *sica*, a small, curved dagger, often concealed beneath clothing. The semantic range of this word extends beyond a mere "murderer" to encompass a specific type of freebooter or outlaw, particularly identifying a faction of Jewish fanatics active during the Roman occupation of Judea in the first century CE. These individuals, known as the Sicarii, were distinguished by their method of stealthy, targeted assassinations, often in crowded public places, making them a unique and feared group.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The word σικάριος (`{{G4607}}`) appears only once in the New Testament, found in the Book of Acts:
* [[Acts 21:38]]: "Art not thou that Egyptian, which before these days madest an uproar, and leddest out into the wilderness four thousand men that were murderers [σικάριοι]?"
This verse occurs during a pivotal moment when Paul is arrested in Jerusalem. The Roman commander, Lysias, mistakes Paul for a notorious Egyptian rebel who had recently led a significant uprising. The commander's immediate association of this rebel with "murderers" (σικάριοι) underscores the specific and notorious reputation of the Sicarii. They were a well-known extremist group, a radical offshoot of the Zealots, infamous for their use of the *sica* to eliminate Roman sympathizers and officials, as well as wealthy Jews perceived as collaborators. The commander's question reveals the Roman authorities' deep concern and vigilance regarding such insurrectionist groups, highlighting the volatile socio-political climate in Judea during this period.
### Related Words & Concepts
The Strong's definition for σικάριος (`{{G4607}}`) explicitly draws a comparison with φονεύς (`{{G5406}}`), a more general Greek term for "murderer" or "manslayer." The distinction is crucial: while a σικάριος is indeed a φονεύς, the former carries a much more specific connotation of an assassin employing a particular weapon and method, often with political or religious motivations. Other related terms include:
* λῃστής (`{{G3027}}`): Meaning "robber," "bandit," or "insurgent." While the Sicarii were certainly engaged in activities that Romans would classify as brigandage or insurgency, σικάριος is more precise, emphasizing their distinctive assassination tactics.
* Ζηλωταί (*Zelotai*): The Zealots were a broader Jewish political movement dedicated to resisting Roman rule. The Sicarii were an extremist faction within this movement, distinguished by their unique and brutal methods of targeted assassination.
* Insurgency and Terrorism: In modern terms, the actions of the Sicarii would align with concepts of political terrorism, aiming to destabilize Roman control through fear and targeted violence.
### Theological Significance
The appearance of σικάριος (`{{G4607}}`) in the New Testament, though singular, offers significant theological insights into the context of early Christianity.
1. **Socio-Political Backdrop:** It vividly portrays the intense political and religious tensions in first-century Judea. The Roman authorities were acutely aware of and sensitive to any form of rebellion or radicalism. Paul's mistaken identity underscores the precarious position of early Christians, who could easily be conflated with such violent groups by Roman officials.
2. **Contrast with Christian Mission:** The term implicitly highlights the stark contrast between the methods of the Sicarii and the nature of the early Christian movement. While the Sicarii sought to advance their cause through violence, assassination, and political upheaval, the apostles and early believers were commissioned to spread the Gospel through peaceful proclamation, spiritual transformation, and humble service. The Kingdom of God, as preached by Christ, was not of this world, nor was it advanced by the sword (cf. [[John 18:36]]).
3. **Understanding Persecution:** The Roman commander's immediate suspicion of Paul, associating him with a violent rebel leader, helps explain the Roman Empire's general distrust and eventual persecution of Christians. Christians were often misunderstood, perceived as a subversive cult or a political threat, partly due to the volatile environment created by groups like the Sicarii.
### Summary
The Greek term σικάριος (`{{G4607}}`, *sikários*) is a loanword from Latin, denoting a "dagger-man" or assassin. It specifically refers to the Sicarii, a notorious Jewish extremist group active in Judea during the first century CE, known for their clandestine assassinations using small daggers. Its sole New Testament occurrence in [[Acts 21:38]] contextualizes Paul's arrest, where he is mistaken for a leader of this violent faction. This term is more specific than the general "murderer" (φονεύς, `{{G5406}}`), highlighting the Sicarii's distinctive methods and political motivations. Theologically, its presence illuminates the volatile socio-political landscape in which the early church operated, contrasting the violent means of the Sicarii with the peaceful, gospel-centered mission of Christianity, and providing insight into the Roman authorities' suspicion of new movements.
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