from a derivative of σάββατον; a "sabbatism", i.e. (figuratively) the repose of Christianity (as a type of heaven):--rest.
Transliteration:sabbatismós
Pronunciation:sab-bat-is-mos'
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek term σαββατισμός (sabbatismos, `{{G4520}}`) is derived from σάββατον (sabbaton, `{{G4521}}`), meaning "Sabbath." The suffix "-ismos" typically denotes an action, state, or system, thus rendering the word as "sabbatism" or "Sabbath-keeping." However, its singular New Testament usage provides a specific, nuanced meaning. The base definition indicates a "sabbatism" that is figuratively understood as "the repose of Christianity (as a type of heaven)," effectively meaning "rest." This is not merely a cessation from physical labor but points to a deeper, spiritual, and eschatological state of rest. It carries the semantic weight of a complete, divinely ordained cessation, mirroring God's rest after creation, yet elevated to a new covenant reality.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The word σαββατισμός (sabbatismos, `{{G4520}}`) appears only once in the entire New Testament, specifically in [[Hebrews 4:9]]. This singular occurrence is profoundly significant within the broader argument of the book of Hebrews concerning God's promised rest.
The context of [[Hebrews 4:9]] is a sustained theological discourse in [[Hebrews 3]] and [[Hebrews 4]] on the theme of "rest" (κατάπαυσις, katapausis, `{{G2663}}`). The author warns against the unbelief that prevented the Israelites from entering God's rest in the wilderness, drawing parallels with the present generation of believers. The argument unfolds as follows:
1. God rested on the seventh day after creation ([[Genesis 2:2]]), establishing a pattern of divine rest.
2. Israel failed to enter God's promised rest (the land of Canaan) due to disobedience and unbelief ([[Numbers 14:23]], [[Psalm 95:11]]).
3. David, long after Joshua had led Israel into the land, still spoke of "today" regarding entering God's rest, indicating a future, spiritual rest remained available ([[Psalm 95:7-8]]).
4. Therefore, [[Hebrews 4:9]] concludes: "There remains, then, a Sabbath-rest for the people of God." The use of sabbatismos here is deliberate. While the preceding verses use the more general κατάπαυσις (katapausis, `{{G2663}}`), sabbatismos specifies the *nature* of this remaining rest: it is a true Sabbath-like rest, a complete and consecrated cessation, distinct from the physical rest of Canaan or the weekly Sabbath. It points to a spiritual reality that believers are called to enter through faith.
### Related Words & Concepts
The study of σαββατισμός (sabbatismos, `{{G4520}}`) is enriched by examining its relationship to several key biblical terms and theological concepts:
* σάββατον (sabbaton, `{{G4521}}`): The direct root, referring to the weekly Sabbath day, a foundational element of the Mosaic Law ([[Exodus 20:8]]). It signified a day of cessation from work, consecration to God, and a sign of the covenant between God and Israel.
* κατάπαυσις (katapausis, `{{G2663}}`): This is the more common Greek word for "rest" used throughout [[Hebrews 3]] and [[Hebrews 4]] (e.g., [[Hebrews 3:11]], [[Hebrews 4:1]], [[Hebrews 4:3]], [[Hebrews 4:10]], [[Hebrews 4:11]]). The author's switch to sabbatismos in [[Hebrews 4:9]] is significant, emphasizing that the ultimate rest is not merely a cessation, but one that partakes of the sacred, complete nature of the Sabbath.
* ἀνάπαυσις (anapausis, `{{G372}}`): A broader term for rest or refreshment, often used in a more general sense (e.g., [[Matthew 11:29]], "you will find rest for your souls").
* Old Testament שַׁבָּת (shabbat, `{{H7676}}`): The Hebrew equivalent of Sabbath, embodying the divine command for rest and holiness.
* God's rest after creation ([[Genesis 2:2]]): This foundational concept establishes the divine pattern for rest, which sabbatismos ultimately fulfills.
* The Promised Land: Typologically, Canaan represented a form of rest for Israel, a cessation from their wanderings. However, Hebrews argues it was not the ultimate rest.
* Faith and Obedience: These are presented as crucial prerequisites for entering this divine rest, contrasting with the unbelief of the wilderness generation.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of σαββατισμός (sabbatismos, `{{G4520}}`) is profound, encapsulating the eschatological hope and present reality of salvation in Christ.
1. **The Ultimate Rest:** sabbatismos represents the pinnacle of God's promised rest, fulfilling and transcending all previous types of rest (creation, the land of Canaan, the weekly Sabbath). It is the divine intention for humanity to share in God's own perfect rest.
2. **Rest Through Christ:** This rest is not achieved through human effort or adherence to legalistic requirements but is entered into by faith in Jesus Christ. He is the one who provides true rest for the soul ([[Matthew 11:28-30]]).
3. **Cessation from Striving:** The sabbatismos signifies a cessation from self-effort, striving under the Law, and anxious works. Believers are called to "rest from their works as God did from His" ([[Hebrews 4:10]]), implying a trust in God's completed work of salvation through Christ.
4. **Present and Future Dimensions:** The sabbatismos has both a present and a future aspect. In the present, it is the spiritual repose, peace, and security found in Christ, a cessation from the burden of sin and the Law. In the future, it points to the ultimate, eternal rest in God's presence, often equated with the blessedness of heaven or the new heavens and new earth.
5. **Warning Against Unbelief:** The context of [[Hebrews 4:9]] serves as a solemn warning. Just as unbelief prevented Israel from entering God's rest in the past, so too can it cause believers to fall short of this ultimate Sabbath-rest. It underscores the necessity of persevering faith.
6. **Superiority of the New Covenant:** The unique use of sabbatismos highlights the superiority of the New Covenant rest over the Old Covenant types. It is a spiritual, eternal rest, far surpassing the temporal and physical rest offered under the Law.
### Summary
The Greek word σαββατισμός (sabbatismos, `{{G4520}}`) is a rare but highly significant term, appearing exclusively in [[Hebrews 4:9]]. It denotes a unique "Sabbath-rest" that remains available for the people of God. This rest is distinct from the physical rest of creation or the promised land of Canaan, representing a deeper, spiritual, and eschatological fulfillment. It signifies a cessation from human striving and a profound repose found through faith in Jesus Christ, who provides ultimate peace and security. Both a present spiritual reality for believers and an anticipated eternal communion with God, the sabbatismos serves as a powerful theological concept underscoring God's redemptive purpose and the necessity of persevering faith to enter His divine rest.
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