of Hebrew origin (שַׁבָּת); the Sabbath (i.e. Shabbath), or day of weekly repose from secular avocations (also the observance or institution itself); by extension, a se'nnight, i.e. the interval between two Sabbaths; likewise the plural in all the above applications:--sabbath (day), week.
### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **sábbaton**, represented by `{{G4521}}`, is of Hebrew origin and primarily refers to **the Sabbath**, the day of weekly repose from secular work. It appears 68 times in 62 verses. The term's meaning extends beyond the day itself to include the institution of Sabbath observance, and it is also used to denote a **week**, the interval between two Sabbaths.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In scripture, `{{G4521}}` is central to the life and ministry of Jesus and the early church. It frequently appears as the setting for teaching and healing, with Jesus often entering the **synagogue** on the **sabbath** day to teach [[Mark 6:2]]. However, it is also a major point of conflict. Religious leaders repeatedly challenged Jesus on what was **lawful** on the **sabbath**, such as healing a man with a withered hand [[Matthew 12:10]] or his disciples plucking corn [[Matthew 12:1]]. These confrontations led to the accusation that Jesus had broken the **sabbath** [[John 5:18]]. The term is also used to mark time, most notably in the phrase "the first day of the **week**," which is the day of Christ's resurrection [[John 20:1]] and a day for believers to gather [[Acts 20:7]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the context and significance of the Sabbath:
* `{{G1832}}` **éxesti** (be lawful): This word is repeatedly used in questions directed at Jesus regarding Sabbath observance. The Pharisees ask, "Is it **lawful** to heal on the sabbath days?" [[Matthew 12:10]], framing the central debate around the day's regulations.
* `{{G4864}}` **synagōgḗ** (synagogue): This was a primary location for Sabbath activity. The Gospels record Jesus entering the **synagogue** on the Sabbath to teach [[Luke 4:16]], and Paul would reason with Jews and Greeks in the **synagogue** every Sabbath [[Acts 18:4]].
* `{{G2038}}` **ergázomai** (to work): The prohibition of labor is a core concept of the Sabbath. This is highlighted by the ruler of the synagogue who, indignant at a healing, stated there are six days in which people ought to **work**, but not on the Sabbath [[Luke 13:14]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G4521}}` is demonstrated in several key teachings and events.
* **Christ's Authority:** Jesus asserts his ultimate authority over this sacred institution by declaring, "The Son of man is Lord even of the **sabbath** day" [[Matthew 12:8]].
* **The Purpose of Rest:** He reframes the entire understanding of the Sabbath's purpose, teaching that "The **sabbath** was made for man, and not man for the **sabbath**" [[Mark 2:27]], elevating mercy and human need above rigid adherence to rules.
* **A Sign of New Covenant Freedom:** In his letter to the Colossians, Paul instructs believers not to let anyone **judge** them regarding festivals, new moons, or **sabbath** days, indicating a shift in its ceremonial function [[Colossians 2:16]].
* **The First Day of the Week:** The consistent use of `{{G4521}}` to identify the "first day of the **week**" in connection with the resurrection [[Mark 16:9]] and the gathering of the church for fellowship and giving [[1 Corinthians 16:2]] marks a new focal point in the life of believers.
### Summary
In summary, `{{G4521}}` **sábbaton** is a term rich with theological significance. It moves from its role as a day of required rest and a source of religious dispute to becoming the context for Christ's demonstration of His lordship. Its use in marking the "first day of the week" underscores the new reality initiated by the resurrection, establishing a pattern for the worship and life of the early church.
TRV