from a compound of πρό and φαίνω; an outward showing, i.e. pretext:--cloke, colour, pretence, show.
Transliteration:próphasis
Pronunciation:prof'-as-is
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek term `{{G4392}}` (πρόφασις, *próphasis*) is derived from the compound of πρό (before, in front of) and φαίνω (to show, to appear). This etymology reveals its core meaning: an "outward showing" or "appearance." However, the semantic range of `{{G4392}}` extends beyond a simple display to denote an appearance that is deceptive or misleading. It consistently refers to a "pretext," "excuse," "cloak," or "pretence"—a specious reason given to justify an action, often to conceal a less honorable or true motive. It implies dissimulation, artifice, or hypocrisy, where the external presentation masks an ulterior, often negative, intention. Thus, `{{G4392}}` is not merely a reason, but an insincere or false reason presented as genuine.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
`{{G4392}}` appears six times in the New Testament, consistently carrying a negative connotation of deception or insincerity:
* **[[Matthew 23:14]] (often omitted in modern translations but present in older manuscripts and versions like KJV):** This verse, along with its parallels, condemns the scribes and Pharisees who "for a pretence make long prayers." Here, `{{G4392}}` highlights their hypocrisy: their outward display of piety (long prayers) served as a mask for their true, avaricious motives (devouring widows' houses). The "pretence" is the deceptive facade of religious devotion.
* **[[Mark 12:40]] and [[Luke 20:47]]:** These are parallel accounts to [[Matthew 23:14]], reinforcing the condemnation of those who "for a pretence make long prayers." The context underscores that such actions, though outwardly religious, are inwardly corrupt and will incur "greater damnation."
* **[[Acts 27:30]]:** In this narrative, the sailors on the ship with Paul attempt to abandon the vessel "under colour as though they would cast anchors out of the foreship." The phrase "under colour" translates `{{G4392}}`, indicating a clear act of deception. Their stated reason (casting anchors) was a pretext for their actual intention (fleeing the ship). This illustrates `{{G4392}}` as a deceptive maneuver to hide true motives.
* **[[Philippians 1:18]]:** Paul famously declares, "What then? notwithstanding, every way, whether in pretence, or in truth, Christ is preached; and I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice." Here, `{{G4392}}` refers to those who preach Christ with impure motives, perhaps out of envy, strife, or to cause Paul affliction. While their *próphasis* (their underlying, self-serving reason) is ignoble, Paul still rejoices that the message of Christ is proclaimed, demonstrating God's ability to work even through flawed human instruments.
* **[[1 Thessalonians 2:5]]:** Paul asserts the integrity of his ministry, stating, "For neither at any time used we flattering words, as ye know, nor a cloke of covetousness; God is witness." The phrase "a cloke of covetousness" translates `{{G4392}}`. Paul denies that his ministry was ever a pretext for financial gain. This usage contrasts his genuine, selfless motives with the deceptive practices of false teachers, affirming the authenticity and purity of his apostolic calling.
Across these occurrences, `{{G4392}}` consistently points to a discrepancy between outward appearance and inward reality, often with an intent to deceive or manipulate.
### Related Words & Concepts
The concept of `{{G4392}}` is closely related to several other Greek terms and theological ideas:
* **`{{G5272}}` (ὑπόκρισις, *hypokrisis*):** Hypocrisy. `{{G4392}}` is often the *manifestation* or *tool* of hypocrisy. A pretext is a hypocritical act or statement.
* **`{{G1388}}` (δόλος, *dolos*):** Deceit, guile. `{{G4392}}` inherently involves an element of deceit, as it aims to mislead others about one's true intentions.
* **`{{G225}}` (ἀλήθεια, *alētheia*):** Truth. `{{G4392}}` stands in direct opposition to truth, representing falsehood or misrepresentation.
* **`{{G5319}}` (φανερός, *phaneros*):** Manifest, visible, evident. While `{{G4392}}` comes from the root φαίνω (to show), it twists the idea of showing into a misleading display rather than a clear manifestation of truth.
* **Motives and Intentions:** The word highlights the critical distinction between outward actions and the hidden motives that drive them, a recurring theme in biblical ethics.
Thematically, `{{G4392}}` intersects with concepts of sincerity, integrity, authenticity, and the dangers of outward show without inward substance.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{G4392}}` is profound, primarily underscoring God's demand for authenticity and the severe condemnation of hypocrisy.
1. **Condemnation of Religious Hypocrisy:** The most prominent use of `{{G4392}}` in the Gospels is in the context of the scribes and Pharisees. Jesus' denunciation of their "long prayers for a pretence" ([[Matthew 23:14]], [[Mark 12:40]], [[Luke 20:47]]) reveals that outward religious acts, when performed with ulterior motives, are not only worthless but incur "greater damnation." God sees beyond the `{{G4392}}` to the true intentions of the heart, rendering such religious performance an abomination. This emphasizes that true worship and piety must flow from genuine devotion, not from a desire for human praise or material gain.
2. **Authenticity in Christian Ministry:** Paul's use of `{{G4392}}` in [[1 Thessalonians 2:5]] is crucial for understanding the nature of genuine Christian leadership. By denying that he ever came "with a cloke of covetousness," Paul affirms the purity of his motives and the integrity of his evangelistic work. This sets a standard for all who minister in the name of Christ: ministry must be free from ulterior motives, especially financial exploitation. While Paul acknowledges that Christ can be preached even "in pretence" ([[Philippians 1:18]]), his own example and teaching consistently advocate for a ministry characterized by sincerity and truth.
3. **Divine Judgment and Discernment:** The consistent negative connotation of `{{G4392}}` serves as a warning. Those who operate under a pretext, whether in religious or secular contexts, are subject to divine judgment. For believers, understanding `{{G4392}}` encourages spiritual discernment—the ability to look beyond superficial appearances and evaluate the true intentions behind words and actions, thereby guarding against deception within the community and in the world.
### Summary
`{{G4392}}` (πρόφασις, *próphasis*) denotes a "pretext," "excuse," or "outward show" designed to conceal a true, often ignoble, motive. It signifies a deceptive appearance, a "cloak" for insincerity, covetousness, or other hidden agendas. In the New Testament, `{{G4392}}` consistently carries a negative connotation, highlighting hypocrisy in religious practice, particularly the use of piety as a cover for selfish gain, as seen in Jesus' condemnation of the scribes and Pharisees. Paul employs the term to affirm the integrity of his own ministry against accusations of covetousness and to acknowledge that Christ can be proclaimed even by those with impure motives, though he himself exemplified genuine sincerity. Theologically, `{{G4392}}` underscores God's unwavering demand for authenticity and integrity in the heart, condemning all forms of hypocrisy and warning of divine judgment for those who use outward show as a deceptive front. It serves as a vital reminder that God looks beyond the external facade to the true intentions of the human heart.
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