apparently a primary word; a (piece of) rock (larger than λίθος); as a name, Petrus, an apostle:--Peter, rock. Compare Κηφᾶς.
Transliteration:Pétros
Pronunciation:pet'-ros
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek term Πέτρος (Pétros), Strong's number `{{G4074}}`, is defined as "a (piece of) rock," specifically noted as being larger than a λίθος (líthos), which denotes a smaller stone. This distinction is crucial: while λίθος might refer to a pebble or a building stone, Πέτρος suggests a more substantial, often detached, piece of rock. Its primary usage in the New Testament is as a proper name, "Peter," given to the apostle Simon. The definition also points to its equivalence with the Aramaic Κηφᾶς (Kēphâs), which similarly means "rock." The word encapsulates both the physical attribute of a solid, weighty stone and its metaphorical application as a personal identifier, imbued with symbolic meaning.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The overwhelming majority of occurrences of Πέτρος in the New Testament refer to the apostle Simon, whom Jesus renamed. The most significant instance is found in [[Matthew 16:18]], where Jesus declares, "And I tell you, you are Peter (Πέτρος), and on this rock (πέτρα) I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." This passage is pivotal for understanding the theological implications of the name. Here, Jesus uses the masculine noun Πέτρος for the apostle and the feminine noun πέτρα for the foundation upon which the church would be built. While both words share the same root meaning of "rock," πέτρα typically refers to bedrock or a large, immovable rock formation, whereas Πέτρος can denote a detached stone or a piece of rock. This distinction has led to centuries of theological debate regarding whether the "rock" upon which the church is built refers to Peter himself, his confession of faith ([[Matthew 16:16]]), or Christ Himself.
Beyond [[Matthew 16:18]], Πέτρος appears extensively throughout the Gospels and Acts, identifying the apostle as a prominent figure, often speaking on behalf of the disciples, leading evangelistic efforts, and exercising significant authority in the early church. Examples include Peter's sermon at Pentecost ([[Acts 2:14-41]]), his healing of the lame man ([[Acts 3:1-10]]), and his role in the Jerusalem Council ([[Acts 15:7-11]]). Paul also refers to him as Peter or Cephas in his epistles, acknowledging his apostolic standing ([[Galatians 2:7-9]]).
### Related Words & Concepts
The most closely related word is Κηφᾶς (Kēphâs), Strong's number `{{G2786}}`, which is the Aramaic equivalent of Πέτρος and also means "rock." Paul frequently uses Κηφᾶς when referring to Peter, particularly in his epistles ([[1 Corinthians 1:12]], [[Galatians 2:9]]).
Another crucial related term is πέτρα (petra), Strong's number `{{G4073}}`, the feminine form of "rock." As noted, πέτρα generally signifies a large, immovable rock, bedrock, or a cliff. The interplay between Πέτρος and πέτρα in [[Matthew 16:18]] is central to its theological interpretation. The distinction suggests that while Peter is a "rock" (a sturdy individual), the foundation of the church (πέτρα) is something even more fundamental and unshakeable.
The word λίθος (líthos), Strong's number `{{G3037}}`, meaning "stone," also provides contrast. The definition of Πέτρος explicitly states it is larger than λίθος, reinforcing the idea of substantiality. In [[1 Peter 2:4-8]], Christ is described as the "living stone" (λίθος ζῶν), and believers as "living stones" (λίθοι ζῶντες), built into a spiritual house. This passage, written by Peter himself, highlights the foundational role of Christ and the participation of believers, using a different term for "stone."
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of Πέτρος is profound and multifaceted.
1. **Foundation of the Church:** The renaming of Simon to Peter and the declaration in [[Matthew 16:18]] undeniably associate Peter with the foundation of the church. While interpretations vary, the common understanding is that Peter, through his confession of Christ as the Messiah, represents the initial, foundational human element upon which the church is built, whether as the first among the apostles, the bearer of the keys to the kingdom ([[Matthew 16:19]]), or the exemplar of true faith.
2. **Apostolic Authority and Leadership:** The name "Rock" signifies stability, strength, and reliability. Peter's prominence in the Gospels and Acts demonstrates his leadership role among the apostles, acting as a spokesperson and a key figure in the early spread of the Gospel. His name became synonymous with apostolic authority.
3. **Paradox of Human Weakness and Divine Strength:** Despite being named "Rock," Peter's life also reveals instances of profound human weakness and failure, such as his denial of Christ ([[Matthew 26:69-75]]) and his wavering on issues of Gentile inclusion ([[Galatians 2:11-14]]). This paradox highlights that the "rock-like" quality is not inherent in Peter's perfect character but is rather a testament to God's grace, calling, and empowering of imperfect individuals for His purposes. The stability of the church ultimately rests on Christ, the true πέτρα ([[1 Corinthians 10:4]]).
4. **Symbol of Steadfast Faith:** Ultimately, Πέτρος serves as a powerful symbol of steadfastness and unwavering faith, qualities essential for discipleship, even when achieved through struggle and divine enablement.
### Summary
Πέτρος (Pétros), Strong's number `{{G4074}}`, signifies "a piece of rock," larger than a common stone. Its primary and most significant use in the New Testament is as the name given to the apostle Simon, highlighting his foundational role in the early church. The name is inextricably linked to [[Matthew 16:18]], where Jesus declares, "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church," prompting ongoing theological discussion about the precise nature of the church's foundation (Peter himself, his confession, or Christ). Πέτρος is the Greek equivalent of the Aramaic Κηφᾶς `{{G2786}}`. While denoting a specific, substantial stone, it is distinct from πέτρα `{{G4073}}`, which implies bedrock or a massive, immovable rock. The name Peter ultimately symbolizes apostolic leadership, the pivotal role of faith, and the divine capacity to use imperfect individuals to establish an enduring spiritual edifice.
TRV