### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **pétra**, represented by `{{G4073}}`, defines a **(mass of) rock**. It appears 16 times across 14 unique verses in the Bible. While it can refer to a literal mass of rock, it is also used figuratively to represent concepts of foundation, stability, and shelter, and serves as a significant title for Christ.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In scripture, `{{G4073}}` is used in both literal and figurative contexts. Literally, it describes the stable ground upon which a wise man **built** his house ([[Matthew 7:24]], [[Luke 6:48]]), a tomb hewn out of a **rock** [[Mark 15:46]], and the **rocks** that split during the earthquake at the crucifixion [[Matthew 27:51]]. Figuratively, it is the foundation upon which Christ will build His church [[Matthew 16:18]]. It also symbolizes Christ Himself, who is the spiritual **Rock** that provided for the Israelites [[1 Corinthians 10:4]] and who is also a **rock** of offence to the disobedient [[1 Peter 2:8]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the meaning and application of **pétra**:
* `{{G2310}}` **themélios** (something put down, i.e. a substruction (of a building, etc.), (literally or figuratively):--foundation): This term is directly linked to `pétra`, which serves as the ultimate unshakeable ground upon which a **foundation** is laid to ensure stability [[Luke 6:48]].
* `{{G3037}}` **líthos** (a stone (literally or figuratively):--(mill-, stumbling-)stone): In contrast to the large mass of a `pétra`, a `líthos` is a smaller, individual stone. The two terms are used together to describe Christ as a "stumbling**stone** and **rock** of offence" [[Romans 9:33]]. A tomb may be hewn from a `pétra`, with a `líthos` rolled to its door [[Mark 15:46]].
* `{{G3618}}` **oikodoméō** (to be a house-builder, i.e. construct or (figuratively) confirm:--(be in) build(-er, -ing, up), edify, embolden): This verb denotes the action of building upon a `pétra`. It is used for constructing a physical house on a rock [[Matthew 7:24]] and for the promise that Christ will **build** his church upon a rock [[Matthew 16:18]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G4073}}` is significant, representing unshakeable truth and divine stability.
* **Foundation for Life:** In the parable of the builders, the **rock** symbolizes the solid foundation of a life built on hearing and obeying the sayings of Jesus, which cannot be shaken by trials [[Matthew 7:24-25]].
* **Christ as the Sustaining Rock:** Paul explicitly identifies Christ as the spiritual **Rock** from which the Israelites drank in the wilderness. This portrays Christ as the enduring source of life and spiritual sustenance for His people [[1 Corinthians 10:4]].
* **Foundation of the Church:** Jesus' declaration, "upon this **rock** I will build my church," establishes the church's foundation as something divinely appointed and indestructible, against which the gates of hell cannot prevail [[Matthew 16:18]].
* **A Cause of Offence:** For those who are disobedient, the same **rock** that provides a firm foundation for believers becomes a "**rock** of offence" and a cause for stumbling ([[Romans 9:33]], [[1 Peter 2:8]]).
### Summary
In summary, `{{G4073}}` moves from a simple geographical term to a powerful theological symbol. It represents the absolute stability and security found in Christ and His teachings. Whether as the literal ground for a house, the foundation for the church, or Christ Himself as the spiritual **Rock**, `pétra` serves as a cornerstone of biblical imagery for divine strength, sustenance, and unshakeable truth.
TRV