apparently accusative case of an obsolete derivative of (to "pierce"); through (as adverb or preposition), i.e. across:--beyond, farther (other) side, over.
### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
*Péran* (G4008) functions primarily as an adverb or preposition, conveying the core meaning of "across," "beyond," or "on the other side." Its etymological root, though obscure, hints at a sense of "piercing" or "passing through," which aligns perfectly with its usage to denote traversing a boundary or obstacle, such as a body of water or a geographical line. It consistently describes a spatial relationship, indicating movement from one point to another distant point, emphasizing the arrival at or presence on the opposite side. This word inherently implies a distinction or separation between two areas, with one being reached from the other.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The occurrences of *péran* in the New Testament are concentrated largely in the Gospels, particularly in narratives detailing Jesus' movements and ministry. Its most prominent use describes journeys across the Sea of Galilee or geographical locations relative to the Jordan River.
* In [[Matthew 4:15]], it specifies "the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, the Way of the Sea, *beyond* the Jordan," pinpointing a region relative to the river.
* Numerous passages depict Jesus and His disciples crossing the Sea of Galilee:
* [[Matthew 8:18]] records Jesus giving orders "to go over to the *other side*."
* [[Matthew 8:28]] describes their arrival "When he came to the *other side*, to the country of the Gadarenes."
* [[Matthew 14:22]] notes Jesus making the disciples "get into the boat and go on ahead to the *other side*."
* [[Mark 4:35]] and [[Mark 5:1]] similarly use *péran* for these crossings.
* [[John 6:1]] states, "After this Jesus went away to the *other side* of the Sea of Galilee."
* It is also used to locate events or individuals "beyond" the Jordan:
* [[John 1:28]] identifies "Bethany *beyond* the Jordan, where John was baptizing."
* [[John 3:26]] and [[John 10:40]] refer to Jesus' presence "beyond the Jordan" in relation to John's ministry.
The consistent use of *péran* in these contexts underscores its function as a precise indicator of geographical transition and destination, often involving significant bodies of water or established territorial boundaries.
### Related Words & Concepts
*Péran* shares semantic space with other Greek words that denote movement, location, or spatial relationships:
* `{{G1519}}` (*eis*): "into," "to," often indicating movement towards a destination, similar to *péran* in its implication of arrival.
* `{{G1223}}` (*diá*): "through," "by means of," which can imply traversing or passing through something, echoing the etymological sense of *péran*.
* `{{G1909}}` (*epí*): "on," "upon," but can also denote movement towards or over a surface, sometimes overlapping with the idea of reaching "the other side."
* `{{G3844}}` (*pará*): "beside," "alongside," though in some contexts it can extend to mean "beyond" or "past."
The concept of "crossing" is central to *péran*, implying a journey, a transition, and often the overcoming of a barrier. This leads to related concepts such as:
* **Boundary:** The "other side" necessarily defines a boundary, whether physical (river, sea) or conceptual.
* **Separation and Distinction:** It highlights the distinctness of the two areas separated by the boundary.
* **Destination:** The emphasis is often on the arrival point after the traversal.
### Theological Significance
The seemingly simple spatial indicator *péran* holds profound theological implications within the Gospel narratives:
* **Divine Authority and Sovereignty:** Jesus' frequent command to go "to the other side" (e.g., [[Matthew 8:18]]) and His subsequent calming of storms during these crossings (e.g., [[Matthew 8:23-27]]) powerfully demonstrate His authority over creation. The act of crossing is not merely a logistical detail but often a context for revealing His divine power and control over the natural world, signifying that even the elements obey Him.
* **Missionary Expansion and Inclusivity:** Many of Jesus' journeys "to the other side" led Him to regions inhabited by Gentiles or those considered less culturally Jewish, such as the Decapolis or the country of the Gadarenes (e.g., [[Matthew 8:28]], [[Mark 5:1]]). This intentional movement "beyond" the traditional Jewish territories symbolizes the expansive nature of His ministry and the breaking down of barriers between Jew and Gentile. It foreshadows the universal reach of the Gospel message and God's desire to include all peoples in His kingdom.
* **Spiritual Transformation and New Life:** Metaphorically, "crossing over to the other side" can represent a profound spiritual journey. It signifies a decisive move from one state of being to another—from spiritual darkness to light, from the dominion of sin to the freedom of salvation, or from unbelief to faith. It speaks to the transformative power of encountering Christ and entering into a new relationship with God. The journey across often involves challenges and dangers, mirroring the trials faced in the spiritual pilgrimage, which are overcome through faith in Christ.
### Summary
*Péran* (G4008) is a Greek adverb or preposition denoting "across," "beyond," or "on the other side." Predominantly found in the Gospels, it precisely describes geographical movement, most notably Jesus' repeated crossings of the Sea of Galilee and His journeys "beyond" the Jordan River. Far from being a mere spatial descriptor, *péran* carries significant theological weight. It underscores Jesus' divine authority as He commands the elements during these crossings, demonstrating His sovereignty over creation. Furthermore, these journeys "to the other side" often led Him to Gentile regions, symbolizing the expansive and inclusive nature of His ministry, foreshadowing the universal call of the Gospel. Ultimately, *péran* not only marks physical transit but also points to the profound spiritual journey of transformation and new life found in Christ, inviting believers to "cross over" into His redemptive kingdom.
TRV