### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **pénthos**, represented by `{{G3997}}`, denotes **grief**, **mourning**, or **sorrow**. It is derived from an alternate of πάσχω. Occurring **5 times** in **4 unique verses**, this term describes a profound sense of grief, often in the context of judgment or repentance.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In its scriptural usage, `{{G3997}}` is primarily found in eschatological and instructive contexts. In the book of Revelation, it is depicted as a component of divine judgment, a plague that will come upon the prideful city of Babylon along with **death** and **famine** [[Revelation 18:8]]. The city that claims it will see no **sorrow** is promised exactly that as a consequence of its arrogance [[Revelation 18:7]]. Conversely, James uses the term to instruct believers, urging them to let their **laughter** be turned to **mourning** as a sign of affliction and repentance [[James 4:9]]. Ultimately, **sorrow** is presented as part of the "former things" that will be abolished in the new creation, where God will wipe away all tears and there will be no more **death**, **sorrow**, or **crying** [[Revelation 21:4]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the meaning and context of `{{G3997}}`:
* `{{G3996}}` **penthéō** (to grieve (the feeling or the act):--mourn, (be-)wail): This is the verb form of **pénthos**. It is used in direct connection when believers are commanded to **mourn** and let their laughter be turned to **mourning** [[James 4:9]].
* `{{G2288}}` **thánatos** (death (literally or figuratively):--X deadly, (be…) death): **Mourning** is frequently associated with **death**. Both are listed as plagues in the judgment of Babylon [[Revelation 18:8]] and as elements that will be eliminated in the future promised by God [[Revelation 21:4]].
* `{{G1071}}` **gélōs** (laughter (as a mark of gratification):--laughter): This word is used as a direct opposite to **pénthos**. Believers are instructed to turn from a state of **laughter** to one of **mourning**, indicating a shift from worldly gratification to godly sorrow [[James 4:9]].
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{G3997}}` is multifaceted, representing both a temporal reality and a spiritual posture.
* **A Component of Judgment:** In Revelation, **mourning** is not just an emotional response but an active plague inflicted as part of God's judgment upon the wicked and arrogant [[Revelation 18:8]].
* **An Element of Repentance:** James presents **mourning** as a necessary and righteous response for believers who are called to be **afflicted** and **weep**, turning from joy and laughter toward a state of spiritual heaviness before God [[James 4:9]].
* **A Temporary Condition:** The promise that there will be no more **sorrow** in the new creation frames it as a defining feature of the present fallen world. Its future absence is a key aspect of the hope for believers [[Revelation 21:4]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G3997}}` conveys a deep grief that functions in two distinct ways within scripture. It is an instrument of divine punishment for the unrepentant, yet it is also a commanded expression of sincere repentance for the faithful. Ultimately, **pénthos** is marked as a temporary sorrow, destined to be eradicated when God makes all things new.
TRV