from a primary (to toil for daily subsistence); starving, i.e. indigent:--poor. Compare πτωχός.
Transliteration:pénēs
Pronunciation:pen'-ace
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek term πένης (pénēs, `{{G3993}}`) derives from a root suggesting "to toil for daily subsistence." Its core meaning denotes a state of indigence or poverty that results despite effortful labor. Unlike other terms for poverty, πένης specifically emphasizes the condition of being "poor" or "starving" even while actively engaged in work to sustain oneself. It describes someone who works hard but still lacks the basic necessities for survival, thus highlighting a persistent struggle for existence. The semantic range points to a material deprivation characterized by a lack of sufficient resources, often implying a hand-to-mouth existence.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The word πένης (pénēs, `{{G3993}}`) appears only once in the New Testament, found in [[2 Corinthians 9:9]]. The verse reads: "As it is written: 'He has dispersed abroad, he has given to the poor; his righteousness endures forever.'" This passage is a direct quotation from [[Psalm 112:9]] (LXX), which describes the righteous person's generosity. In this context, the "poor" (πένης) are the recipients of the righteous individual's bounty. The use of πένης here underscores the divine approval of acts of charity directed towards those who, despite their efforts, remain in a state of need. The enduring righteousness mentioned is intrinsically linked to this compassionate giving, highlighting God's concern for the economically vulnerable and the expectation that His people reflect this concern through practical aid.
### Related Words & Concepts
The provided definition explicitly invites comparison with πτωχός (ptōchos, `{{G4434}}`). While both terms are translated as "poor," they carry distinct nuances. Πτωχός (ptōchos, `{{G4434}}`) generally describes a state of absolute destitution, often implying begging or utter helplessness, sometimes even referring to spiritual poverty. In contrast, πένης (pénēs, `{{G3993}}`) more specifically refers to the "working poor"—those who labor but still find themselves in want. This distinction is subtle but significant, as πένης points to a struggle for subsistence despite diligence, whereas πτωχός suggests a more profound and often debilitating lack. Other related concepts include almsgiving (ἐλεημοσύνη), generosity (ἁπλότης), righteousness (δικαιοσύνη), and the broader biblical theme of God's care for the marginalized and the responsibility of the affluent to provide for the needy.
### Theological Significance
The singular occurrence of πένης (pénēs, `{{G3993}}`) in [[2 Corinthians 9:9]] carries profound theological weight. By quoting [[Psalm 112:9]], the Apostle Paul connects the act of giving to the πένης directly to divine righteousness. This implies that caring for those who toil yet remain in poverty is not merely an act of human kindness but a demonstration of a righteous character that mirrors God's own benevolent nature. God's concern for the πένης underscores His justice and compassion for those who are economically disadvantaged, even when they are not idle. For believers, this word emphasizes a call to active, enduring generosity towards those who struggle to meet their basic needs despite their labor. It reinforces the biblical principle that true righteousness is evidenced by practical love and provision for the vulnerable, ensuring that one's resources are dispersed in a way that reflects God's heart for the indigent.
### Summary
Πένης (pénēs, `{{G3993}}`) describes an individual who is "poor" or "indigent" despite their efforts to "toil for daily subsistence." It highlights a state of material deprivation where basic necessities are lacking, even amidst active labor. Its sole New Testament appearance in [[2 Corinthians 9:9]], quoting [[Psalm 112:9]], links giving to the πένης directly to enduring righteousness, underscoring God's profound concern for the working poor. This term differentiates itself from πτωχός (ptōchos, `{{G4434}}`), which typically denotes a more absolute or abject poverty. Theologically, πένης serves as a powerful reminder of the believer's call to embody God's compassionate justice through generous provision for those who struggle to make ends meet, thereby demonstrating a righteousness that endures forever.
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