from πειράζω; a putting to proof (by experiment (of good), experience (of evil), solicitation, discipline or provocation); by implication, adversity:--temptation, X try.
### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek noun πειρασμός (peirasmós), Strong's number `{{G3986}}`, derives from the verb πειράζω (peirazō) `{{G3985}}`, meaning "to test, try, or tempt." At its core, πειρασμός signifies a "putting to proof." This fundamental meaning encompasses a broad semantic range, oscillating between two primary poles:
1. **Testing or Trial (for good):** This refers to an experience designed to prove the genuineness, strength, or quality of a person's faith, character, or obedience. Such tests are often initiated or permitted by God for the purpose of spiritual growth, refinement, or revelation of one's true disposition. In this sense, it can be an "experiment" or a form of "discipline."
2. **Temptation (to evil):** This refers to an enticement or solicitation to sin, originating from external sources (like Satan or the world) or internal desires (the flesh). Here, the intent is to lead one away from God's will and into transgression. This aspect aligns with the idea of "provocation" to fall.
By implication, πειρασμός can also denote the "adversity" or "affliction" that accompanies these trials, whether for testing or as a consequence of temptation. The specific nuance is always determined by its immediate biblical context.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The usage of πειρασμός in the New Testament illustrates its dual nature.
In the Synoptic Gospels, it frequently appears in the context of "temptation" to sin. The most prominent example is the temptation of Jesus in the wilderness, where He is led by the Spirit "into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil" ([[Matthew 4:1]], cf. [[Luke 4:13]]). Here, πειρασμός clearly refers to an enticement to disobey God. Similarly, in the Lord's Prayer, the petition "And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil" ([[Matthew 6:13]], cf. [[Luke 11:4]]) expresses a desire to avoid circumstances or situations where one might be enticed to fall into sin. Jesus also admonishes His disciples to "Watch and pray that you may not enter into temptation" ([[Matthew 26:41]]), emphasizing vigilance against spiritual vulnerability.
Conversely, in the epistle of James, πειρασμός is used in a distinctly positive sense, referring to trials that prove and refine faith. "Count it all joy, my brothers, when you meet trials of various kinds, for you know that the testing of your faith produces steadfastness" ([[James 1:2-3]]). Here, the "trials" (πειρασμοῖς) are divinely permitted and serve a sanctifying purpose, leading to spiritual maturity. The one who endures such "testing" (πειρασμόν) is blessed ([[James 1:12]]), for having been approved, he will receive the crown of life.
The Apostle Paul also employs πειρασμός in both senses. In [[1 Corinthians 10:13]], he assures believers that "No temptation has overtaken you that is not common to man. God is faithful, and he will not let you be tempted beyond your ability, but with the temptation he will also provide the way of escape, that you may be able to endure it." This verse speaks of "temptation" (πειρασμός) as something to be overcome, implying an enticement to sin, yet God's faithfulness ensures deliverance. In [[Galatians 4:14]], Paul refers to his "trial" (πειρασμόν) as a physical affliction that tested the Galatians' reception of him, illustrating πειρασμός as an adverse circumstance.
### Related Words & Concepts
The semantic field surrounding πειρασμός includes several related Greek terms, each with distinct nuances:
* **πειράζω (peirazō) `{{G3985}}`**: The verb from which πειρασμός derives. It denotes the act of testing or tempting. God "tests" (πειράζει) His people to prove their faith, while Satan "tempts" (πειράζει) to lead them into sin.
* **δοκιμάζω (dokimazō) `{{G1381}}`**: This verb also means "to test" or "to prove," but typically with the positive intention of approving what is found genuine. While πειράζω can lead to failure, δοκιμάζω often implies a test designed to confirm worthiness or authenticity. The outcome of δοκιμάζω is often positive, leading to δοκιμή (dokimē) `{{G1382}}`, "approved character" or "proof."
* **θλῖψις (thlipsis) `{{G2347}}`**: This noun refers to "affliction, tribulation, or distress." While trials (πειρασμοί) can involve θλῖψις, the latter emphasizes the external pressure or suffering itself, whereas πειρασμός focuses on the internal experience of being tested or tempted.
* **δοκιμή (dokimē) `{{G1382}}`**: This noun signifies "proof," "testing," or "approved character." It is often the positive outcome or result of enduring a πειρασμός or δοκιμάζω. For instance, the "testing of your faith" in [[James 1:3]] produces steadfastness, which is a form of δοκιμή.
### Theological Significance
The concept of πειρασμός holds profound theological significance, revealing truths about God, humanity, and spiritual warfare:
* **God's Nature and Purpose:** God allows or orchestrates trials (πειρασμοί) for the spiritual good of His people, to refine their faith, develop perseverance, and demonstrate their reliance on Him ([[James 1:2-4]]; [[1 Peter 1:6-7]]). However, it is crucial to distinguish that God *does not tempt anyone to sin* ([[James 1:13]]). Temptation to evil originates from one's own desires or from the Tempter.
* **Humanity's Vulnerability and Responsibility:** Humans are inherently susceptible to temptation due to indwelling sin and the fallen world. The presence of temptation is not sin itself, but yielding to it is. Believers are called to vigilance and prayer to overcome these enticements ([[Matthew 26:41]]).
* **Christ's Example and Empathy:** Jesus Himself faced severe temptation (πειρασμός) from the devil, yet He remained sinless ([[Hebrews 4:15]]). His perfect endurance of temptation enables Him to sympathize with and aid those who are tempted ([[Hebrews 2:18]]). He is the ultimate example of overcoming πειρασμός.
* **Spiritual Warfare:** Temptation (πειρασμός) is a primary weapon of the devil, aimed at drawing believers away from God and into disobedience ([[1 Thessalonians 3:5]]). The Christian life is a constant battle against these spiritual forces.
* **Divine Provision and Hope:** God is faithful and will not allow believers to be tested beyond what they can bear, always providing a way of escape ([[1 Corinthians 10:13]]). This promise offers immense hope and assurance in the midst of trials and temptations.
### Summary
The Greek word πειρασμός (peirasmós) `{{G3986}}` is a multifaceted term referring to a "putting to proof." Its meaning ranges from a divine "testing" or "trial" intended for spiritual growth and the demonstration of faith, to a malevolent "temptation" or "enticement" to sin, often instigated by the devil or the flesh. Context is paramount in discerning its specific nuance. While God permits trials to refine His people, He never tempts them to evil. Believers are called to endure trials with joy, knowing they produce steadfastness, and to resist temptations through vigilance, prayer, and reliance on God's faithfulness, who always provides a way of escape. The life of Christ exemplifies perfect endurance of πειρασμός, offering both an example and a source of strength for all who face such experiences.
TRV