probably akin to ὁ, ὅς, and ὅσος; such or what sort of (as a correlation or exclamation); especially the neuter (adverbially) with negative, not so:--so (as), such as, what (manner of), which.
Transliteration:hoîos
Pronunciation:hoy'-os
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word `{{G3634}}` (οἷος, *hoîos*) is a relative adjective or pronoun, primarily conveying the sense of "such as," "of what sort," or "what manner of." Its etymology suggests a close relationship with other relative and demonstrative pronouns, including `{{G3588}}` (ὁ, *ho*, "the," "who"), `{{G3739}}` (ὅς, *hos*, "who," "which"), and `{{G3745}}` (ὅσος, *hosos*, "as much/many as"). This kinship underscores its function in expressing quality, kind, or degree in relation to something previously stated or implied.
Fundamentally, `{{G3634}}` serves to describe the nature or character of a person, thing, or action. It can introduce a clause that specifies the quality of an antecedent (e.g., "a man such as this"). In some contexts, particularly when used in an interrogative or exclamatory manner, it can express wonder or emphasis, translating to "what (a) kind of" or "how great/terrible." A notable nuance is its neuter form, often used adverbially with a negative particle, to convey "not so" or "not of such a kind."
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
`{{G3634}}` appears in the New Testament to delineate quality, draw comparisons, or express surprise. Its usage often highlights the character of individuals, actions, or spiritual realities.
In 1 Corinthians, Paul frequently employs `{{G3634}}` to draw contrasts or establish analogies. For instance, in [[1 Corinthians 15:48]], we read: "As was the earthly man, so also are those who are of the earth; and as is the heavenly man, so also are those who are of heaven." Here, `{{G3634}}` (οἷος) is used correlatively with `{{G5108}}` (τοιοῦτος, *toioûtos*, "such a one"), establishing a profound parallel between the nature of Adam and Christ, and consequently, the nature of those who belong to each. This emphasizes that one's spiritual origin determines one's character and destiny.
Similarly, in [[Philippians 1:30]], Paul speaks of "having the same conflict that you saw in me and now hear to be in me." The use of `{{G3634}}` (οἷον) here refers to the *kind* or *nature* of the struggle, affirming that the Philippian believers are experiencing the same quality of persecution and suffering that Paul himself endured. This fosters a sense of solidarity and shared experience in Christ.
In [[2 Timothy 3:11]], Paul reminds Timothy of the "persecutions, sufferings—what things happened to me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra—what persecutions I endured." The repetition of `{{G3634}}` (οἷα) in an exclamatory sense underscores the severity and multitude of the trials Paul faced, serving as a testament to his endurance and a model for Timothy.
Luke's Gospel, in [[Luke 9:55]], records Jesus' rebuke to James and John: "You do not know what kind of spirit you are of." Here, `{{G3634}}` (οἵου) functions interrogatively to question the *nature* or *quality* of the disciples' disposition, implying that their desire for vengeance was contrary to the spirit of Christ. This highlights the word's capacity to prompt self-reflection on one's inner character.
### Related Words & Concepts
As noted in its core definition, `{{G3634}}` is intrinsically linked to other relative and demonstrative terms. Its most frequent correlative partner is `{{G5108}}` (τοιοῦτος, *toioûtos*), meaning "such a one" or "of such a kind." This pairing ("as...so..." or "such as...such...") is crucial for expressing comparison, analogy, and consequence in the New Testament (e.g., [[1 Corinthians 15:48]]).
Other related words include:
* `{{G3588}}` (ὁ, *ho*): The definite article, but also used as a demonstrative or relative pronoun, indicating identity.
* `{{G3739}}` (ὅς, *hos*): The primary relative pronoun, "who," "which," often introducing a descriptive clause.
* `{{G3745}}` (ὅσος, *hosos*): A relative adjective/pronoun indicating quantity or degree, "as much/many as."
While `{{G3634}}` focuses on *quality* or *kind*, these related terms help to establish the specific referent (`{{G3588}}`, `{{G3739}}`) or the extent (`{{G3745}}`) of that quality. Together, they form a semantic field that allows for nuanced expressions of comparison, characterization, and the nature of things in the biblical text. The concept of *quality* itself, as opposed to mere quantity or identity, is central to the meaning conveyed by `{{G3634}}`.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{G3634}}` lies in its capacity to delineate the *nature* and *character* of spiritual realities, human actions, and divine attributes. By asking or stating "what kind of" or "such as," the word compels a deeper examination of essence rather than mere superficiality.
1. **Discernment of Character:** The use of `{{G3634}}` often calls believers to discern the true nature of things. In [[Luke 9:55]], Jesus challenges his disciples to understand "what kind of spirit" they possess, emphasizing that the spirit of vengeance is not from God. This underscores the importance of examining one's inner motivations and aligning them with Christ's character.
2. **Contrast and Comparison:** The correlative use with `{{G5108}}` (τοιοῦτος) is profoundly theological, particularly in Paul's epistles. The "as...so..." construction (e.g., [[1 Corinthians 15:48]]) highlights the transformative power of Christ. It contrasts the fallen nature inherited from Adam with the new, spiritual nature received in Christ, emphasizing the qualitative difference between the earthly and the heavenly. This distinction is foundational to understanding redemption and sanctification.
3. **Nature of Suffering and Endurance:** When Paul uses `{{G3634}}` to describe his persecutions ([[2 Timothy 3:11]], [[Philippians 1:30]]), it elevates suffering beyond mere hardship. It speaks to the *kind* of suffering inherent in faithful discipleship, aligning believers with the experiences of the apostles and, ultimately, Christ himself. This provides encouragement and a framework for understanding the role of tribulation in the Christian life.
4. **Moral and Ethical Implications:** By describing the "kind" of deeds or people, `{{G3634}}` implicitly sets a standard. For example, in warnings against certain behaviors, the word reinforces that the *nature* of these actions is incompatible with God's kingdom (cf. [[Galatians 5:21]], where οἷα, "such things," refers to works of the flesh). This calls believers to live lives that reflect the quality and character of Christ.
### Summary
`{{G3634}}` (οἷος, *hoîos*) is a versatile Greek relative adjective/pronoun signifying "such as," "of what sort," or "what manner of." It is used to describe the quality, kind, or nature of an antecedent, often in comparison or exclamation. Closely related to other relative and demonstrative pronouns like `{{G3739}}` (ὅς) and frequently paired with `{{G5108}}` (τοιοῦτος), it forms a crucial linguistic tool for expressing analogy and distinction. Theologically, `{{G3634}}` is vital for discerning the true character of individuals, actions, and spiritual realities. It highlights the qualitative difference between the earthly and heavenly, the old nature and the new, and the kind of spirit that aligns with Christ. Its usage calls believers to a deeper understanding of their identity in Christ and the nature of their walk, emphasizing the importance of inner character and the quality of their faith and works.
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