### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek lemma Μαρία (María), transliterated as María, is a direct transliteration of the Hebrew name מִרְיָם (Miryam), Strong's `{{H4813}}`. As a proper noun, its semantic range is primarily defined by its etymological roots and the individuals who bear the name. The Hebrew origin `{{H4813}}` itself carries a debated etymology, often linked to roots meaning "bitterness" or "rebellion" (e.g., from מָרָה, `{{H4784}}`, "to be rebellious"; or מַר, `{{H4751}}`, "bitter"). However, some scholars propose an Egyptian origin, possibly meaning "beloved" (from *mry*). In the New Testament, Μαρία functions exclusively as a personal name, signifying the specific individuals rather than conveying an abstract concept. Its significance is therefore derived from the roles and attributes of those who bear it.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The name Μαρία appears frequently in the New Testament, borne by at least six distinct women, each playing a significant role in the unfolding narrative of salvation:
1. **Mary, the Mother of Jesus:** The most prominent bearer of the name, she is central to the Incarnation narrative. Her humble obedience to God's will ([[Luke 1:38]]), her contemplative spirit ([[Luke 2:19]], [[Luke 2:51]]), and her presence at the foot of the cross ([[John 19:25]]) underscore her unique and pivotal role in redemptive history. She is often referred to simply as "Mary" or "His mother."
2. **Mary Magdalene:** A devoted follower of Jesus from whom seven demons had been cast out ([[Luke 8:2]]). She was present at the crucifixion ([[Mark 15:40]]) and was the first witness to the resurrection, commissioned by Jesus Himself to proclaim the good news to the disciples ([[John 20:1-18]]). Her transformation and unwavering devotion highlight the power of Christ's redemption.
3. **Mary of Bethany:** Sister of Martha and Lazarus. She is depicted as a devout disciple who chose "the good part" by sitting at Jesus' feet and listening to His teaching ([[Luke 10:38-42]]). Her anointing of Jesus with expensive perfume before His death ([[John 12:1-8]]) is an act of profound love and prophetic insight, recognized by Jesus as a preparation for His burial.
4. **Mary, Mother of James and Joses/Joseph:** This Mary is identified as being present at the crucifixion ([[Mark 15:40]]) and among the women who went to anoint Jesus' body on the resurrection morning ([[Mark 16:1]]). She is often identified with "Mary the wife of Clopas" ([[John 19:25]]), suggesting her familial connection to Jesus' extended family.
5. **Mary, Mother of John Mark:** Her home in Jerusalem served as a gathering place for the early church, where believers prayed for Peter's release from prison ([[Acts 12:12]]). This indicates her significant role in providing hospitality and support to the nascent Christian community. Her son, John Mark, would later become a key figure in early missionary efforts and the author of the Gospel of Mark.
6. **Mary, a Roman Christian:** Mentioned by Paul in his greetings to the believers in Rome ([[Romans 16:6]]). Paul commends her for having "worked hard for you," indicating her diligent service and contribution to the Christian community in Rome. Though little is known about her, her inclusion in Paul's personal greetings signifies her valued role in the spread of the Gospel.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary related word is the Hebrew root מִרְיָם (`{{H4813}}`), from which Μαρία is derived. While the etymological debate (bitterness, rebellion, or beloved) does not directly impart a semantic meaning to the Greek name itself in the New Testament context, it enriches the background of the name. Conceptually, the various women named Mary are associated with profound biblical themes:
* **Obedience and Humility:** Exemplified by Mary, the mother of Jesus.
* **Devotion and Discipleship:** Evident in Mary Magdalene and Mary of Bethany.
* **Witness to Resurrection:** Mary Magdalene's pivotal role.
* **Hospitality and Service:** Shown by Mary, mother of John Mark, and Mary in Rome.
* **Suffering and Faithfulness:** Particularly seen in Mary, the mother of Jesus, at the cross.
These concepts are not inherent in the name Μαρία but are powerfully embodied by those who bore it in the biblical narrative.
### Theological Significance
The prevalence of the name Μαρία among women of significant standing in the New Testament is itself noteworthy. It underscores the vital and often underestimated roles women played in the life and ministry of Jesus and the establishment of the early church.
* **Mary, the Mother of Jesus:** Her "yes" to God's call initiated the Incarnation, making her the instrument through whom God entered human history. Her role highlights divine election, the mystery of the virgin birth, and the profound humility required for divine service. She embodies the "handmaid of the Lord" ([[Luke 1:38]]), a model of surrender and faith.
* **Mary Magdalene:** Her prominence as the first witness to the resurrected Christ is a powerful theological statement. It elevates the testimony of a woman, especially one previously afflicted, to a foundational position in the proclamation of the Gospel. She represents the transformative power of Christ's love and the universal call to evangelism.
* **Mary of Bethany:** Her choice to prioritize spiritual communion over worldly concerns ([[Luke 10:42]]) provides a timeless theological lesson on the importance of hearing God's Word and cultivating a relationship with Christ. Her anointing of Jesus foreshadows His death and burial, an act of prophetic worship.
Collectively, the women named Mary demonstrate diverse expressions of faith, service, and discipleship. Their lives illustrate that God uses ordinary individuals, regardless of their background or societal standing, for extraordinary purposes in His redemptive plan. The name, though a simple transliteration, becomes associated with profound spiritual depth and pivotal moments in the history of salvation.
### Summary
Μαρία (María, `{{G3137}}`) is a Greek transliteration of the Hebrew name מִרְיָם (`{{H4813}}`). While its etymology is debated, the name's significance in the New Testament derives from the six distinct women who bear it, each playing a crucial role in the biblical narrative. From Mary, the mother of Jesus, who embodies divine election and humble obedience, to Mary Magdalene, the first witness to the resurrection, and Mary of Bethany, who exemplifies devoted discipleship, the name Μαρία is inextricably linked to pivotal moments in the life and ministry of Jesus and the early church. The collective witness of these women highlights themes of faith, service, worship, and the transformative power of Christ, underscoring the invaluable contributions of women to the unfolding of God's redemptive plan.
TRV