from κατά and καίω; to burn down (to the ground), i.e. consume wholly:--burn (up, utterly).
Transliteration:katakaíō
Pronunciation:kat-ak-ah'-ee-o
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb G2618 (κατακαίω, *katakaíō*) is a compound formed from the preposition κατά (*katá*), meaning "down" or "thoroughly," and the verb καίω (*kaíō*, `{{G2545}}`), meaning "to burn." This prefix κατά intensifies the action of burning, conveying the sense of burning *down to the ground*, *completely*, or *utterly consuming*. Thus, κατακαίω signifies a destructive burning that leaves nothing or very little behind, indicating a thorough and complete obliteration by fire. It is not merely to ignite or warm, but to reduce to ashes or render useless through conflagration. Its semantic range emphasizes finality and thoroughness in destruction.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The occurrences of G2618 in the New Testament consistently underscore its meaning of complete destruction by fire, often in contexts of divine judgment or decisive action.
In the Synoptic Gospels, John the Baptist uses G2618 to describe the fate of the "chaff" in the context of the coming Messiah's judgment: "He will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire" ([[Matthew 3:12]], [[Luke 3:17]]). Here, the word emphasizes the absolute and final destruction of what is worthless or unrighteous.
In [[Acts 19:19]], G2618 describes the burning of magic books by new believers in Ephesus, symbolizing a decisive break from their past idolatry and occult practices. The act of burning "utterly" signifies the complete renunciation and destruction of these items.
The author of Hebrews employs G2618 in a profound theological statement: "For our God is a consuming fire" ([[Hebrews 12:29]]). This echoes Old Testament imagery (e.g., [[Deuteronomy 4:24]]) and highlights God's holy nature, which purifies and utterly consumes all that is impure or rebellious.
In 2 Peter's eschatological description, G2618 is used for the destruction of the heavens and earth by fire: "The elements will be dissolved with fervent heat, and the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up" ([[2 Peter 3:10]]). This points to a cosmic conflagration that will completely transform the present order.
Revelation also utilizes G2618 to depict divine judgment. In [[Revelation 8:7]], a third of the earth is "burned up" as part of the trumpet judgments. Later, it describes the complete destruction of "Babylon the Great" by fire: "And the ten horns which you saw on the beast, these will hate the harlot, make her desolate and naked, eat her flesh and burn her with fire" ([[Revelation 17:16]]) and "For strong is the Lord God who judges her. For in one hour her judgment has come" ([[Revelation 18:8]]). These passages emphasize the finality and thoroughness of God's judgment against evil.
### Related Words & Concepts
The semantic field of G2618 intersects with several other significant Greek terms and theological concepts. The base verb καίω (`{{G2545}}`, *kaíō*) simply means "to burn" or "to light," lacking the intensive force of κατακαίω. The noun πῦρ (`{{G4442}}`, *pyr*), "fire," is the instrument by which κατακαίω operates, frequently appearing in conjunction with it. Other words denoting destruction, such as ἀπόλλυμι (`{{G622}}`, *apóllymi*, "to destroy, perish"), share a conceptual overlap, though κατακαίω specifically denotes destruction *by fire*.
The concept of fire itself, as both a purifying agent and an instrument of judgment, is deeply embedded in biblical theology. κατακαίω aligns primarily with the latter, signifying the destructive aspect of divine wrath and the definitive end of that which is unholy or in rebellion against God. It is linked to concepts of eschatological judgment, divine holiness, and the absolute removal of sin and evil.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of G2618 is profound, primarily underscoring the absolute and final nature of divine judgment and the consequences of rebellion against God. When God "burns up" something, it is not merely damaged but utterly consumed, removed from existence in its previous form. This speaks to:
1. **Divine Holiness and Wrath:** God's nature as a "consuming fire" ([[Hebrews 12:29]]) implies that His holiness cannot tolerate sin. What is unholy or rebellious must be utterly purged or destroyed in His presence.
2. **Eschatological Finality:** The use of G2618 in passages concerning the end times ([[2 Peter 3:10]], Revelation) emphasizes the definitive and irreversible nature of God's ultimate judgment. There will be a complete renewal, but it comes through the utter destruction of the old, fallen order.
3. **Consequences of Unbelief/Wickedness:** The "chaff" that is "burned up" ([[Matthew 3:12]]) represents those who reject Christ or whose lives bear no fruit for God. Their end is utter destruction, a stark warning to humanity.
4. **Radical Renunciation:** The burning of magic books in Acts exemplifies the radical and complete break required when one turns from darkness to light. It is not merely a cessation of practice but a definitive destruction of the instruments of sin.
In essence, G2618 serves as a powerful descriptor of God's decisive action, whether in judgment, purification, or the complete obliteration of that which opposes His righteous will.
### Summary
G2618 (κατακαίω, *katakaíō*) denotes the complete and utter consumption or destruction by fire, intensified by the prefix κατά. In the New Testament, this verb is consistently employed to describe thorough destruction, most often in contexts of divine judgment against sin, unrighteousness, or the old order. It highlights the absolute finality of God's wrath, the purifying aspect of His holiness, and the decisive renunciation of evil. From the burning of chaff to the cosmic conflagration of the heavens and earth, κατακαίω powerfully conveys the irreversible consequences of divine action and the ultimate removal of all that opposes God's sovereign will.
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