from κατά and ἀγωνίζομαι; to struggle against, i.e. (by implication) to overcome:--subdue.
Transliteration:katagōnízomai
Pronunciation:kat-ag-o-nid'-zom-ahee
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb καταγωνίζομαι (katagōnízomai, `{{G2610}}`) is a compound word derived from the preposition κατά (kata), meaning "down," "against," or serving as an intensifier, and the verb ἀγωνίζομαι (agōnízomai, `{{G75}}`), which signifies "to contend," "to struggle," "to fight," or "to strive in a contest." When combined, καταγωνίζομαι therefore conveys the sense of "to struggle down," "to contend against thoroughly," or "to fight to the point of complete subjugation." The base definition accurately captures this nuanced meaning: "to struggle against, i.e. (by implication) to overcome" or "to subdue." It implies not merely an engagement, but a decisive victory achieved through strenuous effort and sustained conflict, leading to the complete mastery or overthrow of an opponent.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The verb καταγωνίζομαι (katagōnízomai, `{{G2610}}`) appears only once in the New Testament, specifically in the Epistle to the Hebrews:
* **[[Hebrews 11:33]]**: "who through faith subdued kingdoms, worked righteousness, obtained promises, stopped the mouths of lions."
In this singular occurrence, καταγωνίζομαι is used to describe the actions of the heroes of faith listed in the "Hall of Faith" chapter. The context extols those who, by their unwavering trust in God, achieved extraordinary feats. The phrase "subdued kingdoms" (βασιλείας κατεγωνίσαντο) vividly portrays the active, confrontational, and ultimately victorious nature of their faith. This was not a passive belief, but a dynamic force that enabled individuals to engage with and overcome powerful, often hostile, earthly authorities and systems. The verb emphasizes the struggle inherent in such an undertaking, yet highlights the triumph that faith secured. It suggests a complete and decisive victory over the opposing forces, achieved through divine empowerment channeled by human faith.
### Related Words & Concepts
The semantic field surrounding καταγωνίζομαι (katagōnízomai, `{{G2610}}`) includes several important Greek terms that illuminate its specific nuance:
* ἀγωνίζομαι (agōnízomai, `{{G75}}`): The root verb, which frequently denotes striving in an athletic contest or a spiritual struggle (e.g., [[1 Corinthians 9:25]], [[Colossians 1:29]]). This connection highlights the intense effort and disciplined engagement inherent in καταγωνίζομαι.
* νικάω (nikaō, `{{G3528}}`): Meaning "to conquer," "to overcome," or "to prevail." While νικάω is a broader term for victory, καταγωνίζομαι specifies the *means* of overcoming—through a decisive struggle or contest.
* ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō, `{{G5293}}`): "To subject," "to subordinate," or "to put under." This term often describes the outcome of καταγωνίζομαι, where something is brought under control or made subservient.
* καταβάλλω (kataballō, `{{G2598}}`): "To cast down," "to overthrow," or "to lay down." Similar in its implication of bringing low, but καταγωνίζομαι carries the added sense of a contest or struggle preceding the overthrow.
The concept of spiritual warfare and the overcoming of obstacles through divine power is deeply embedded in the meaning of καταγωνίζομαι. It speaks to a faith that does not shrink from opposition but actively engages and triumphs over it.
### Theological Significance
The singular use of καταγωνίζομαι (katagōnízomai, `{{G2610}}`) in [[Hebrews 11:33]] carries profound theological weight. It serves as a powerful affirmation of the active and transformative nature of genuine faith.
1. **Faith as an Empowering Force**: The passage explicitly states that it was "through faith" (διὰ πίστεως) that these heroes "subdued kingdoms." This underscores that faith is not merely intellectual assent but a dynamic conduit through which God's power is unleashed, enabling believers to overcome seemingly insurmountable opposition. It is a faith that engages with the world's systems and authorities, rather than retreating from them.
2. **Divine Sovereignty in Human Struggle**: While human effort and struggle are implied by καταγωνίζομαι, the ultimate victory is attributed to God working through faith. The heroes are not merely strong individuals, but instruments of God's sovereign will, demonstrating His ability to bring about His purposes even through the most challenging circumstances.
3. **The Nature of Kingdom Advancement**: The "subduing of kingdoms" can be understood both literally (as in the historical conquests of Israel) and metaphorically (as the spiritual triumph over worldly powers). It speaks to the ongoing struggle between God's kingdom and the kingdoms of this world, where faith is the essential weapon for victory.
4. **A Call to Active Faith**: For the readers of Hebrews, and for believers throughout history, this verse serves as an encouragement. It illustrates that faith is meant to be active, courageous, and capable of achieving great things in the face of adversity. It is a call to perseverance and triumphant engagement, rather than passive endurance.
### Summary
καταγωνίζομαι (katagōnízomai, `{{G2610}}`) is a potent Greek verb signifying a decisive victory achieved through intense struggle and contention. Its sole New Testament appearance in [[Hebrews 11:33]] is highly significant, portraying faith as an active, empowering force that enables God's people to "subdue kingdoms." This single usage encapsulates the theological truth that true faith is not passive, but a dynamic conduit for divine power, allowing believers to engage with and triumph over formidable opposition. It underscores that God's purposes are advanced through the courageous and enduring struggle of those who trust Him, leading to complete and glorious victory.
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