### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb G2022 *epichéō* is a compound word derived from the preposition ἐπί (*epi*), meaning "upon" or "on," and the verb χέω (*cheō*), meaning "to pour" or "to shed." Thus, its core meaning is "to pour upon" or "to pour in." The prefix ἐπί emphasizes the direction and application of the pouring action, indicating that a liquid is being directed *onto* a surface or *into* something. This is distinct from simply pouring out or away. The semantic range of *epichéō* is primarily literal, denoting the physical act of applying a liquid by pouring it directly onto an object or person, often with an intentional, restorative, or medicinal purpose.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The verb G2022 *epichéō* appears only once in the New Testament, but this single occurrence is highly significant, found in the Parable of the Good Samaritan:
* **[[Luke 10:34]]**: "and went to him and bound up his wounds, **pouring on** oil and wine; and he set him on his own animal and brought him to an inn and took care of him."
In this pivotal passage, the Good Samaritan's compassionate action towards the man left half-dead by robbers is described. The act of "pouring on" (ἐπιχέων) oil and wine was a common ancient remedy for wounds. Oil would have been used for soothing, softening, and possibly as an antiseptic or emollient, while wine, due to its alcoholic content, would have served as a disinfectant to cleanse the wounds. The use of *epichéō* here underscores the direct, hands-on, and thorough nature of the Samaritan's care. He did not merely offer superficial aid but actively applied the remedies to the man's injuries, demonstrating profound and practical mercy. This verb highlights the tangible, physically engaged aspect of his compassion.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words and concepts illuminate the meaning of G2022 *epichéō*:
* **χέω (*cheō*)**: This is the root verb from which *epichéō* is formed. While *cheō* broadly means "to pour," the addition of ἐπί in *epichéō* specifies the direction of the pouring as "upon" or "onto."
* **ἐκχέω (*ekcheō*) `{{G1632}}`**: Meaning "to pour out" or "to shed," this compound verb also uses *cheō* but with the prefix ἐκ (*ek*), denoting "out from." While both involve the discharge of liquid, *ekcheō* often implies emptying or shedding (e.g., blood, the Spirit), whereas *epichéō* focuses on application *onto* a surface.
* **πίμπλημι (*pimplēmi*) `{{G4130}}` / πληρόω (*plēroō*) `{{G4137}}`**: These verbs mean "to fill." While *epichéō* is about pouring *onto*, these relate to the concept of supplying or making full, which can be a result of pouring.
* **Concepts**: The action of *epichéō* is inherently linked to concepts such as:
* **Compassion and Mercy**: The Samaritan's act is the epitome of merciful action.
* **Healing and Restoration**: The oil and wine were applied for the purpose of healing.
* **Practical Care/Ministration**: It signifies active, tangible assistance rather than passive observation.
* **Anointing**: While not explicitly an anointing, the act of pouring liquid onto a person for a beneficial purpose shares conceptual overlap with anointing for healing or consecration.
### Theological Significance
The singular appearance of G2022 *epichéō* in [[Luke 10:34]] imbues it with profound theological significance, primarily within the context of the Parable of the Good Samaritan:
1. **Embodiment of True Neighborliness**: The verb powerfully illustrates the nature of genuine love and neighborliness. It is not merely a feeling of pity but a costly, active, and hands-on engagement with another's suffering. The Samaritan's willingness to "pour on" remedies signifies a generous, unreserved, and personal commitment to the wounded man's well-being, contrasting sharply with the self-preserving detachment of the priest and Levite.
2. **Christological Implications**: Many patristic interpretations view the Good Samaritan as a type of Christ, who ministers to humanity wounded by sin. In this allegorical reading, the "oil and wine" poured on the wounds can symbolize the healing grace of God, the Holy Spirit, the sacraments (Eucharist and Baptism), or the Word of God, all applied by Christ to bring restoration to fallen humanity. The act of *epichéō* thus becomes a metaphor for divine condescension and the abundant provision of salvation.
3. **Mandate for Practical Ministry**: For believers, the word highlights the imperative for practical, sacrificial ministry. The call to "go and do likewise" ([[Luke 10:37]]) implies a readiness to get "messy" in service, to apply spiritual and practical remedies to the wounds of the world, just as the Samaritan poured the oil and wine. It underscores that Christian compassion is not abstract but manifests in tangible acts of care.
4. **Generosity and Full Application**: The act of "pouring on" suggests a generous and complete application of aid, not a stingy or partial measure. It speaks to the abundance of God's grace and the call for believers to extend grace to others without reservation.
### Summary
The Greek verb G2022 *epichéō* literally means "to pour upon" or "to pour in," emphasizing the direct application of a liquid onto a surface or into something. Its sole New Testament occurrence in [[Luke 10:34]], describing the Good Samaritan's actions, imbues it with deep theological meaning. It signifies active, compassionate, and practical care, highlighting the willingness to engage directly with suffering and apply remedies generously. Theologically, *epichéō* underscores the nature of true neighborly love, serves as a Christological symbol of divine healing and grace, and mandates a hands-on, sacrificial approach to ministry. It is a powerful reminder that genuine mercy extends beyond sentiment to costly, tangible acts of restoration.
TRV