The Greek word epigraphḗ, represented by G1923, is derived from ἐπιγράφω and refers to an inscription or superscription. It appears 5 times across 5 unique verses in the Bible. This term is used to denote a formal, identifying text written on an object.
The use of G1923 occurs in two specific contexts. First, it is used when Jesus discusses a Roman coin. He asks the Pharisees and others, "Whose is this image and superscription?" to establish the coin's connection to Caesar's authority (Matthew 22:20, Mark 12:16, Luke 20:24). Second, it describes the sign placed over Jesus on the cross, referred to as "the superscription of his accusation" which identified him as "THE KING OF THE JEWS" Mark 15:26. This inscription was notably written in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew Luke 23:38.
Several related words help clarify the meaning and context of an inscription:
- G1924 epigráphō (to inscribe): This is the root verb from which G1923 is derived. It means to write something on a surface. It is used directly in the account of the crucifixion, stating the superscription was written over Jesus Mark 15:26.
- G1504 eikṓn (image): This word for a likeness or representation is used in conjunction with G1923 in the accounts of the coin. Jesus asks whose image and superscription it bears Mark 12:16.
- G156 aitía (accusation, cause, crime): This term is used to describe the legal reason for the inscription on the cross. The sign is explicitly called "the superscription of his accusation" Mark 15:26.
The significance of G1923 lies in its function as a mark of authority and identity.
- Civil Authority: On a coin, the superscription works with the image to establish the issuing authority and its domain of power. It is a mark of earthly governance and ownership Luke 20:24.
- Public Proclamation: The superscription on the cross serves as a public, official declaration. It was the formal charge against Jesus, intended to be seen and understood by a diverse audience, as evidenced by its being written in three languages Luke 23:38.
- Formal Identity: In both contexts, the superscription is not a casual label but a formal identifier. Whether for Caesar on a coin or for Christ on the cross, the inscription definitively assigns an identity and status Mark 15:26.
In summary, G1923 is a specific term for an official inscription that carries legal or authoritative weight. Through its use in describing the text on a coin and the sign on the cross, the word epigraphḗ underscores how written declarations were used to publicly establish identity, ownership, and the basis for legal judgment within the biblical world.
TRV