### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word ἀγαθός (transliterated *agathós*, Strong's `{{G18}}`) is a primary adjective signifying "good" in a comprehensive sense. Its semantic range extends beyond mere utility or pleasantness to encompass intrinsic moral excellence, beneficial quality, and inherent uprightness. Unlike `{{G2570}}` (kalós), which often denotes outward beauty, excellence, or suitability, ἀγαθός points to that which is good in its very nature, character, or effect. It describes that which is morally sound, virtuous, and beneficial. When used substantively, it can refer to "good things," "benefits," or "possessions." The term captures a profound sense of what is right, wholesome, and advantageous, both morally and practically.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term ἀγαθός appears frequently in the New Testament, illuminating various facets of goodness.
* **God's Nature and Provision:** A foundational use is in reference to God. In [[Matthew 19:17]], Jesus declares, "There is only One who is good," identifying God as the ultimate standard and source of all goodness. This inherent goodness of God is manifested in His actions, such as giving "good gifts" to His children ([[Matthew 7:11]], [[James 1:17]]). God's providential working for the "good" of those who love Him is affirmed in [[Romans 8:28]].
* **Human Conduct and Ethics:** ἀγαθός is central to ethical instruction. Believers are exhorted to "do good" (e.g., [[Galatians 6:10]], [[Romans 12:9]]), to be "zealous for good works" ([[Titus 2:14]]), and to produce "good fruit" as evidence of their transformed nature ([[Matthew 7:17-18]]). The "good and acceptable and perfect will of God" ([[Romans 12:2]]) defines the standard for righteous living.
* **The Law and Conscience:** Paul speaks of the Law being "good" if one uses it lawfully ([[1 Timothy 1:8]]), implying its inherent moral standard. He also refers to a "good conscience" ([[1 Timothy 1:5]], [[Hebrews 13:18]]), highlighting an internal moral compass aligned with God's will.
* **Goodness in Contrast:** The word often stands in contrast to evil (κακός `{{G2556}}`). For instance, in [[Romans 12:21]], believers are commanded to "overcome evil with good." This antithesis underscores the moral battle and the call to embody God's character.
### Related Words & Concepts
The most direct comparison for ἀγαθός (`{{G18}}`) is with καλός (kalós, `{{G2570}}`), as noted in the lemma's definition. While both can be translated "good," their nuances differ:
* **ἀγαθός (`{{G18}}`):** Emphasizes intrinsic goodness, moral excellence, and beneficial quality. It is about what something *is* at its core.
* **καλός (`{{G2570}}`):** Focuses on outward beauty, attractiveness, suitability, or excellence in form or function. It is about how something *appears* or *performs*.
* For example, a "good tree" (ἀγαθός δένδρον) is good in its nature and capacity, which then produces "good fruit" (καλός καρπός) that is excellent and suitable for consumption ([[Matthew 7:17]]).
Other related concepts include:
* **δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē, `{{G1343}}`):** Righteousness, which is conformity to a divine standard, often accompanies goodness. While righteousness is about adherence to right, goodness is about the quality of being right.
* **ἀρετή (aretē, `{{G703}}`):** Virtue or moral excellence, which is a broader term encompassing various positive moral qualities, including goodness.
* **ἀγάπη (agapē, `{{G26}}`):** Divine love, which is the ultimate expression and source of all true goodness.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of ἀγαθός is profound:
* **The Character of God:** At its core, ἀγαθός reveals the very essence of God. God is not merely good in some aspects; He *is* good. This truth undergirds His faithfulness, justice, and love. His goodness is the foundation of His covenant promises and His redemptive plan.
* **Humanity's Moral State:** The New Testament, particularly through Jesus's statement in [[Matthew 19:17]], implies that intrinsic goodness belongs only to God. Humanity, fallen in sin, lacks this inherent goodness and is prone to evil. This highlights the necessity of divine intervention for moral transformation.
* **The Purpose of Redemption:** Through Christ, believers are "created for good works" ([[Ephesians 2:10]]), indicating that salvation is not merely freedom *from* sin but freedom *for* goodness. The Holy Spirit enables believers to bear the "fruit of the Spirit," which includes goodness ([[Galatians 5:22]]). This transformation is a progressive conformity to the character of God.
* **Ethical Living:** The call to do "good" is a central ethical imperative for Christians. It involves loving deeds, moral integrity, and a life that reflects God's character in the world, serving as a testimony to His kingdom.
* **Eschatological Hope:** The ultimate triumph of God's goodness over all evil is a cornerstone of Christian hope. The consummation of God's plan will see the full manifestation of His good will and the establishment of a new heavens and new earth where righteousness dwells.
### Summary
The Greek word ἀγαθός (`{{G18}}`) signifies a deep, intrinsic, and beneficial goodness, distinguishing it from mere outward excellence (καλός, `{{G2570}}`). It is a term profoundly tied to the character of God, who is the sole source and standard of all true goodness. In the New Testament, ἀγαθός describes God's nature and His benevolent actions, serves as a foundational ethical standard for human conduct, and underscores the transformative power of redemption that enables believers to live lives characterized by "good works." Understanding ἀγαθός is crucial for grasping the moral essence of God, the call to Christian living, and the ultimate victory of divine goodness.
TRV